Skachkov, N.G. Conflict of laws issues of legal regulation of maritime transportation of hazardous cargo

Abstract: The article concerns the norms of Russian law of late XV – early XVI centuries on definition and forms of manifestation of treason against the Grand Prince of Moscow and all Russia. The author analyzes the texts of the treaties among the Princes and the cross-kissing writs. Special attention is paid to the obligations, the failure to fulfill which was regarded as treason against the Sovereign Ruler of all the Russia”. It is noted that the treaties provided for the following obligations “not to be friends and not to correspond with the enemies of the Sovereign Ruler”, wish him good, “not to gather and compromise” with anyone “for harm” to the Ruler, to inform the Ruler on everything concerning him “for bad or for good”, to follow the land rights of the Grand Prince, not to offend, not to limit by any trickery. The cross-kissing writs also provide for the obligations not to immigrate, to serve the Prince, the Princess and their children for truth without any trickery, not to think or do any evil to them, and to inform the Ruler of any coming threat. The general conditions for all of the forms of treason was the matter characterizing the method of committing the crime, which was the failure to fulfill the obligations taken under oath and abuse of trust as well as violation of the oath. Violation of obligations to the sovereign of all the Russia given with the cross-kissing oath in the early XVI century was regarded as more than just treason against a specific Prince, but rather a treason against the entire Moscow state, as personified by the Grand Prince, and such a treason was condemned by the church.

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