Features of the relationship between intuition and personality intelligence

Novikova Kseniya Vladimirovna PhD in Psychology Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Pacific National University 680017, Russia, g. Khabarovsk, ul. Karla Marksa, 68 kv_novikova@mail.ru Other publications by this author

Belyak Yana Valentinovna Master's Degree Student, Department of Psychology, Pacific State University 680000, Russia, Khabarovskii krai, g. Khabarovsk, ul. K.Marksa, 68, aud. 303 zyf-0712@mail.ru

Introduction.

The relevance of the research topic is due to the importance of intuition as an important component of human mental reality, this is due to the complexity of the phenomenon of intuition itself, its versatility and connection with the development of a number of key problems of modern psychology (thinking, problem solving, abilities, creativity, etc.); as well as the role of intuition in expanding cognitive capabilities and updating the internal resources of the human psyche; the growing practical interest in the problem of intuition as a condition for the formation and criterion of professional competence of specialists in various types of activities. In modern psychological research, intelligence is identified with the rational–logical principle, with abilities, with creativity, with academic performance and personal characteristics, with the mechanism of psychological adaptation of an individual to the environment. In this regard, research aimed at what role the intuition of the individual plays in these processes is of particular relevance. In general, we can say that the relevance of the research topic is determined both by the trends of scientific knowledge, the existing needs of practice, and a meager amount of research aimed at identifying the features of the relationship of various types of intelligence (in particular, social, verbal and emotional) with the intuition of the individual. ^{[1, 2, 3, 4]}.

The subject of this study was to identify the features of the relationship between intuition and personality intelligence. The object of the study was the intuition and intelligence of the individual.

The theoretical and methodological basis of the study were:

– theoretical statements about intuition by such authors as: W. Neusser, G. Head, F. Bartlett and J. Piaget, Ya.A. Ponomarev, Z. Freud, K.G. Jung, E. Fromm, D.V. Biryukov, V.D. Biryukov, V.G. Klirikov, V.R. Kogan, Ya.A. Ponomarev, M.R. Radovel, V.A. Tsapok, N.O. Lossky, A.A. Ovcharov, M. Bunge, A.N. Dmitriev, I.Ya. Bereznoy.

– views on the intellect of such scientists as: T.A. Ratanova, B.M. Teplov, N.I. Chuprikova, P. Sorokin, J. Piaget, K.A. Abulkhanova–Slavskaya, L.A. Wenger, S.D. Rubinstein, M.A. Kholodnaya, G. A. Berulova, G. Aizenk, K.Dunker, R. Meili, B.G. Ananyev, L.S. Vygotsky, L. Thurstone, C.B. Elgina, A. Binet, D. Wexler, I.Y. Kulagina, R. Sternberg, G.P. Geranyushkina, V.N. Druzhinin, A.I. Savenkov, D.V. Ushakov, B.C. Yurkevich, L.R. Danakari, N.A. Komleva.

The theoretical significance and scientific novelty of the research consists in the systematization of theoretical provisions on the problem of the study of intuition and personality intelligence; the discovery of the features of the relationship of intuition with various types of personality intelligence; the identification of the influence of various types of intelligence on the manifestation of personality intuition.

The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that the results and conclusions of the study can be used by psychologists in professional activities with a wide range of clients.

The main part.

A theoretical analysis of the literature has shown that the authors approach the study of intuition from different positions. In the context of cognitive approaches, it was studied by W. Neusser, G. Head, F. Bartlett and J. Piaget. From the point of view of the psychology of thinking, intuition was considered by Ya.A. Ponomarev. In psychoanalytic orientation , a special place is occupied by the names of Z. Freud, C.G. Jung, E. Fromm, etc. Such domestic researchers as: D.V. Biryukov, V.D. Biryukov, V.G. Klirikov, V.R. Kogan, Ya.A. Ponomarev, M.R. Radovel, V.A. Tsapok proposed the concept of a subjective hierarchy of intuitions. N.O. Lossky, A.A. Ovcharov and some other authors divide intuition into: sensual, intellectual and mystical. The mechanisms of intuition and its features were considered by A.N. Dmitriev, I.Ya. Bereznoy and others.

In the scientific literature, there are also several approaches to the study of personality intelligence: psychophysiological (T.A. Ratanova, B.M. Teplov, N.I. Chuprikova); socio–cultural (P. Sorokin); genetically functional (Zh. Piaget, W.R. Charlesworth); procedural–activity (K.A. Abulkhanova–Slavskaya, L.A. Wenger, S.D. Rubinstein, M.A. Kholodnaya); educational (G.A. Berulova); informational (G. Aizenk); phenomenological (K. Dunker, R. Meili); functional-level (B.G. Ananyev, L. S. Vygotsky); regulatory (L. Thurstone); system–structural (T.A. Ratanova); empirical-methodical (C.B. Elgina), verbal (A. Binet, D. Wexler, I.Y. Kulagina), social (R. Sternberg, G.P. Geranyushkina), emotional types of intelligence are integral formations of personality that differ conceptually, meaningfully, functionally and by the nature of the relationship.

In modern research, two trends can be noted: the predominant study of the functions of social intelligence and the study of mutual functional connections between individual types of intelligence (V.N. Druzhinin, T.A. Ratanova, A.I. Savenkov, D.V. Ushakov, B.C. Yurkevich, etc.).

In this study, we understand intuition as a psychological process that transmits perception to the subject in an unconscious way, including certain mechanisms, depends on individual psychological characteristics and manifests itself under certain conditions. It is important to have experience – implicit and conscious; personal, social and cultural–historical. Manifestations of intuition are associated with the work of various types of the unconscious – subconscious, preconscious (repressed experience) and superconscious. The mechanisms of intuition are the basic operations of the unconscious (condensation, displacement, logical transformation), generalization, imagery, reincarnation, imagination, synthesis, laws of association, discretion of the general in the particular ^[5].

The analysis of approaches to the consideration of the phenomenon of intelligence allowed us to distinguish three types of intelligence ^{[6, 7, 8, 9, 10]}: verbal (complex mental activity, which is a unity of cognitive functions of different levels), social (responsible for the adaptation and cognition of society by a person, affecting the success of social interaction) and emotional (the ability to understand their own and other people's emotions and their management). The key concept in the definition of verbal, social and emotional types of intelligence is the ability that is revealed in its focus on a specific subject. Both intuition and intelligence are a process of awareness of the unconscious. Intuition is an unconscious part of this process, and intelligence is a conscious part. Therefore, it is just as impossible to separate intuition and intelligence as the unconscious and consciousness ^{[11, 12, 13]}.

The purpose of the study was to identify the features of the relationship of intuition with the intelligence of the individual.

The study was conducted on the basis of the Pacific State University of Khabarovsk, which was attended by 150 respondents aged 18 – 45 years.

The empirical methods of the study were: The test of verbal intelligence by G. Eysenck; the test of "Social intelligence" by J. Guilford;  The test questionnaire for determining D. Goleman's emotional intelligence; The questionnaire for the intuitive style of E. Epstein ^{[14, 15, 16]}.

The results of the comparison of verbal intelligence (Eysenck test) and intuition orientation (Epstein questionnaire) are presented in Table 1.

Table 1  

Comparison of verbal intelligence with scales

"Using intuition" and "Intuitive abilities"

Based on the data presented in Table 1, it can be seen that most of the subjects have an average level of verbal intelligence (37%) and least of all those with high and below average intelligence (9% each). You can also notice that according to the intuition scales there are no walls 2 (low), 8 (high) and 9 (very high).

Analyzing the levels of intelligence and intuition scales, we can notice that the majority of subjects with very high intelligence have a slightly higher level of intuitive abilities than average (Stan 6). Most people with high intelligence have a lower-than-average level of intuition use (80%), and a slightly higher-than-average level of intuition ability (80%). 50% of the subjects with the level of intelligence corresponding to the norm demonstrate intuitive abilities slightly above average (walls 6) and slightly below average (walls 4) the level of intuition use ^[17]. Further, we see that 48% of the subjects with an average level of intelligence development have a level of intuition slightly above average (walls 6), and intuitive abilities are slightly below average (walls 4) 51%. People with a reduced rate of intelligence have slightly above average (walls 6) and above average (Walls 7) levels of intelligence use (40% each), while the level of their intuitive abilities is average (walls 5) and slightly below average (walls 4) (40% each).

The results of comparing the results of verbal intelligence and the "Intuitive Abilities" scale are clearly shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 – Comparison of verbal intelligence results

and the scales of "Intuitive abilities"

According to the results, the lowest level of intuition was found in a subject with a very high level of intelligence, and the highest level of intuition in a person with reduced intelligence. Thus, one can notice a tendency, the lower the intelligence, the higher the level of use of intuition, but the lower the level of intuitive abilities.

In order to identify the relationship between verbal intelligence and intuition scales, Spearman's correlation analysis was applied, the results of which are presented in Table 2.

Table 2

Results of correlation analysis of verbal intelligence and intuition scales

The results of the correlation analysis revealed significant negative relationships between the "Verbal Intelligence" scale and the "Use of intuition" scale (r=-0.56**, p<0.01). With an increase in indicators on the "Verbal Intelligence" scale, indicators on the "Use of intuition" scale decrease. Spearman's criterion also showed that there are significant moderate positive correlations between the "Verbal Intelligence" scale and the "Intuitive Abilities" scale (r=0.474*, p<0.05). The more pronounced the indicators on the "Verbal Intelligence" scale are, the more pronounced the indicators on the "Intuitive abilities" scale are.

Next, we compared the indicators of social intelligence and intuition scales, the results are presented in Table 3.

Table 3  

Comparison of social intelligence and intuition scales "Using intuition" and

"Intuitive abilities"

Based on the results obtained, it can be seen that the majority of subjects have an average level of social intelligence (50%) and the least of all subjects with a level above average (18%).  Subjects with low and high levels of social intelligence were not found in the study sample. Analyzing the ratio of the level of social intelligence and intuition scales, it can be seen that subjects with above-average social intelligence have average (walls 5) and slightly above average (walls 6) levels of intuition and intuitive abilities. The majority of respondents (28% and 36%) with an average level of social intelligence use intuition less than average (walls 3) and slightly less than average (walls 4). But at the same time, the majority (54%) have intuitive abilities slightly above the average level (wall 6). The majority of subjects with a level of social intelligence below average have a slightly higher-than-average level of intuition (Stan 6). The level of intuitive abilities in 48% of the subjects is slightly below average (wall 4).

The results are clearly presented in Figures 2 and 3.

Figure 2 – Comparison of the results of social intelligence and the "Use of intelligence" scale

Figure 3 – Comparison of the results of social intelligence and the scale

"Intuitive abilities"

According to the results obtained, the higher the social intelligence, the better the intuitive abilities; the average level of social intelligence also demonstrates the average result of intuitive abilities.

Further, in order to reliably identify the relationship between social intelligence and intuition scales, Spearman's correlation analysis was applied, the results are presented in Table 4.

Table 4

Results of correlation analysis of social intelligence and intuition scales

Significant moderate negative correlations between the "Social intelligence" scale and the "Use of intuition" scale were revealed (r=-0.322*, p<0.05). With the increase in indicators on the "Social Intelligence" scale, indicators on the "Use of intuition" scale decrease.

Significant weak positive correlations between the "Social Intelligence" scale and the "Intuitive abilities" scale were also revealed (r=0.281*, p<0.05). With the increase in indicators on the "Social Intelligence" scale, indicators on the "Intuitive abilities" scale also increase.

There are significant moderate positive correlations between the "Use of intuition" scale and the "Intuitive Abilities" scale (r=0.435***, p<0.001). The more pronounced the indicators on the "Use of intuition" scale are, the more pronounced the indicators on the "Intuitive abilities" scale are.

The next step was to compare emotional intelligence and intuition scales, the results are presented in Table 5.

Table 5

Comparison of emotional intelligence and intuition scales "Using intuition"

and "Intuitive abilities"

Based on the data presented in Table 5, we see that the majority of subjects have an average level of social intelligence (50%) and the least of all subjects with an above-average level (18%).  Subjects with low and high levels of social intelligence were not found in the study sample.

People with an average level of emotional intelligence have mainly an above-average level (Stan 6) on the "Use of intuition" scale and an average level (Stan 5) on the "Intuitive abilities" scale. Subjects with a level of emotional intelligence below average have an average level (walls 5) of intuition use and below average intuitive abilities (walls 3). The results are clearly presented in Figures 4, 5.

Figure 4 – Comparison of the results of emotional intelligence and the scale

"Using intuition"

Figure 5 – Comparison of the results of emotional intelligence and the scale

"Intuitive abilities"

Thus, we see that the average and above average levels of emotional intelligence show a positive level on the scales of intuition. But emotional intelligence below average demonstrates a decrease in intuitive abilities and an increase in the level of use of intuition.

Further, in order to identify the relationship between emotional intelligence and intuition scales, Spearman's correlation analysis was applied, the results are presented in Table 6.

Table 6

Results of correlation analysis of emotional intelligence and intuition scales

The data showed that there are significant weak positive correlations between the scale "Emotional Intelligence" and the scale "Intuitive abilities" (r=0.29*, p<0.05). Significant strong positive correlations between the "Use of intuition" scale and the "Intuitive abilities" scale were also revealed (r=0.751***, p<0.001). It is logical that the more pronounced the indicators on the "Use of intuition" scale are, the more pronounced the indicators on the "Intuitive abilities" scale are.

Conclusions.

Thus, the results of the theoretical analysis allowed us to formulate the following conclusions:

– intuition depends on individual psychological characteristics and manifests itself under certain conditions. It is important to have experience — implicit and conscious; personal, social and cultural–historical. Manifestations of intuition are associated with the work of various types of the unconscious – subconscious, preconscious (repressed experience) and superconscious.

– the main characteristics of the intuitive process and the emergence of an intuitive solution are unconsciousness, convolution, simultaneous actualization of the stages of the intuition process, as well as suddenness, immediacy and confidence in the correctness of the intuitive result. The mechanisms of intuition are the basic operations of the unconscious (condensation, displacement, logical transformation), generalization, imagery, reincarnation, imagination, synthesis, laws of association, discretion of the general in the particular, holography.

– there are different types of intelligence: verbal (the ability to adequately operate with the meanings and meanings of words in accordance with the level of development of the linguistic dictionary and the form of organization of individual mental experience), social (the ability to understand one's own and others' emotions and manage them, self-esteem as an indicator of the relationship between personal characteristics and the phenomenon of social intelligence) and emotional (the ability to understand one's own and other people's emotions and their management).

– the key concept in the definition of verbal, social and emotional types of intelligence is the ability that is revealed in its focus on a specific subject. Both intuition and intelligence are a process of awareness of the unconscious. Intuition is an unconscious part of this process, and intelligence is a conscious part. It is just as impossible to separate intuition and intelligence as the unconscious and consciousness.

The results of the empirical study also allowed us to formulate the following conclusions:

– it has been established that there are significant strong positive correlations between the "Use of intuition" scale and the "Intuitive Abilities" scale. The more pronounced the indicators on the "Use of intuition" scale are, the more pronounced the indicators on the "Intuitive abilities" scale are, the more often a person uses intuition, the more her intuitive abilities develop.

– significant average negative correlations between the scale "Verbal intelligence" and the scale "Use of intuition" were revealed. With an increase in indicators on the "Verbal Intelligence" scale, indicators on the "Use of intuition" scale decrease.  That is, the higher our verbal intelligence, the less often we use intuition. This is probably due to the fact that verbal intelligence is responsible for the analysis and systematization of verbal information, the degree of awareness of information in general. Therefore, in this case, verbal-logical thinking is involved, rather than the intuition of the individual.

– significant moderate positive correlations were found between the "Verbal Intelligence" scale and the "Intuitive Abilities" scale. The higher the verbal intelligence, the more intuitive abilities are developed. The scientific literature also reflects data that a person with a developed verbal intelligence is sensitive to the sound and meanings of the use of words, as a rule, poets, journalists, intuitively write without mistakes ^{[18, 19, 20]}.

– significant moderate negative correlations between the "Social Intelligence" scale and the "Use of intuition" scale were revealed. With the increase in indicators on the "Social Intelligence" scale, indicators on the "Use of intuition" scale decrease. Thus, when a person interacts with life situations, it can be said that a person does not rely on intuition, but clearly assessing the situation, is capable of finding the optimal solution. At the same time, weak positive relationships between the scale of "Social Intelligence" and the scale of "Intuitive abilities" were revealed. With the increase in indicators on the "Social Intelligence" scale, indicators on the "Intuitive abilities" scale also increase.

– there are significant weak positive relationships between the scale of "Emotional intelligence" and the scale of "Intuitive abilities". The more pronounced the indicators on the scale of "Emotional intelligence", the more pronounced the indicators on the scale of "Intuitive abilities".

Conclusion.

The results obtained in the study suggest that there is a relationship between verbal, social and emotional with intuitive abilities and the use of intuition. The higher the level of development of verbal, social, emotional intelligence, the more developed the intuitive abilities of the individual. The higher the social and verbal intelligence of a person, the less intuition is expressed. The more often a person uses intuition, the higher his intuitive abilities become. Based on the results of the study, the subjects were offered methodological recommendations for the development of intelligence and intuition of the individual.