Abstract: Based on the collection of data on more than 20,000 airplane models created in the world in the XX century, and more than 40,000 records on their manufacturing, world airplane production dynamics was reconstructed year by year in pieces and tons. An analysis year by year by aircraft purpose and by leading countries is prepared. The output was calculated not only in pieces, but also by the total mass of structures. The second approach corresponds more precisely to the power of the aviation industry, allowing to differentiate labor and material costs in the production of light and heavy airplanes. These graphs are constructed and published for the first time. The role of leading countries in world production is revealed. It is shown that the decline in production after the First World War more pronounced not in Russia, but in the UK. It is shown that the USSR firmly held the second place in aircraft production in the world from the mid-1930s to 1990, and in the mid-1930s briefly came out on top in the world. The influence of the repressions of the 1930s on the aviation industry of the USSR, expressed in a noticeable decrease in the rate of new aircraft models development, is shown. It was revealed that in the second half of the XX century, the share of combat airplane in production was constantly decreasing, and by 2000 over 80% of the world's airplane industry capacity was occupied by the production of commercial aircraft.

Keywords: industrial history, history of the XX century, statistical analysis, quantitative history, historical databases, repression in the aviation industry, militarization of the economy, airplane purpose, aviation history, airplane industry

Abstract: The article examines the degree of completeness of the source base for the study of the personal composition of elected and electors of city government bodies in European Russia in the 1700s – 1760s. The study of almost the main "actors" of elected city government - ministers and electors who nominated them to these positions – will reveal from a new perspective the principle of the formation of these institutions and their relations with the authorities, the nature of formal and informal ties within the posad, strategies of behavior of the inhabitants of the posad. The use of the prosopographic method makes it possible to identify and personalize each individual elected or elector. However, for the compilation of such "dossiers" a specific range of sources is required: clerical documentation of the Chief Magistrate, zemstvo huts, magistrates and town halls, as well as materials of 1-3 audits. Analyzing how numerous these sources are and what range of issues they can cover, the author comes to the conclusion that archival materials allow conducting a study of such a plan on the example of a large number of cities of different administrative significance. However, the degree of completeness of the source base is extremely uneven: the composition of elected and electors of city magistrates was reflected in the documents most fully, although not evenly across different cities and over different periods of time, while the composition of zemstvo huts and town halls can be found out only by indirect signs.

Keywords: a new social history, elections, elected city government, zemstvo huts, city halls, city magistrates, urban reform, historical sources, history of Russia, posad community

Abstract: The subject of this article is manipulation techniques used by journalists of one of the most authoritative newspaper (The New York Times) in order to create an image of the USSR during the Perestroika period. The purpose of the article is to show the potential of the publications of The New York Times, which captured the image of Perestroika in the USSR. The article discusses such manipulative techniques as stereotepization, information selection, fabrication of facts, and so on. In addition, this article shows how language techniques – periphrasis, antithesis, hyperbole can be used to manipulate readers' opinions. The research includes articles of the newspaper 1987-1991 devoted to the events in the Baltic States, the activities of M. S. Gorbachev, B. N. Yeltsin, A.D. Sakharov. The analysis shows how the methods of affirmation and repetition allow the readers of the newspaper to form geopolitical ideas about the Baltic states, methods of stereotyping, mixing fact and opinion help to create stable images of politicians and public figures of the period of Perestroika, and cliched formulas fix the image of the USSR leadership in the minds of readers. The study of language techniques resorted to by the authors of the publication makes it possible to identify the implicit meanings contained in the texts of publications. The correlation of the created image and manipulation technique revealed in this article can be extrapolated to a fairly wide field of application – the study of the press as a source. The publications of The New York Times are considered for the first time from the point of view of manipulative techniques that contribute to the creation of the image of the USSR during the Perestroika period.

Keywords: image, regional studies, Media, implicit information, the USSR, Perestroika, speech manipulation techniques, New York Times, source studies, history

Abstract: The article is devoted to the study of an important problem of the territorial affiliation of Northern Epirus at the Paris Peace Conference of 1946 and the role of Soviet diplomacy in its solution. The interests of Greece, Albania, the USSR and the Western powers in this region, the military and political-diplomatic confrontation of Greece, on the one hand, Albania, on the other, as well as the influence of the factor of the Soviet state in resolving the issue of Northern Epirus are considered. The purpose of this article is to study the national-territorial claims of Greece to Northern Epirus, which were discussed at the Paris Peace Conference. Based on the review of documentary archival materials in the course of the study, the author of the article came to the conclusion that in the process of resolving the issue of the status of Northern Epirus, Greece failed. The evaluation of the results of the efforts of the USSR government to protect the territorial integrity of Albania is given. The active participation of the USSR was aimed at maintaining peace in the region. Comparing the positions of the parties, the author shows the course of the political struggle around the adoption of final decisions on the status of Northern Epirus. The methodological basis of the research is the principles of historicism and consistency, which involve the consideration of phenomena and facts in their entirety and development in accordance with the conditions of a particular historical epoch. The principle of objectivity is also used. The relevance of the research problem is explained by the need to ensure the territorial integrity of states and the normalization of ethnic relations in them. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the fact that, based on the involvement of archival documentary materials, an attempt was made to study the question of the status of Northern Epirus in 1946 in the context of the approval of territorial changes after World War II. In the scientific literature, this problem has not been specifically posed in such a perspective until now.

Keywords: Tsaldaris, diplomatic struggle, USSR, Greece, Albania, Northern Epirus, soviet diplomacy, Paris Conference, Molotov, Vyshinsky

Abstract: This article is devoted to the problem of understanding the phenomena and objects inherent in antiquity and modern times in Guido Panciroli's treatise "Two books about memorable things", published for the first time in 1599 in Amberg. Of particular interest in Panciroli's work is his approach to the search and comparison of phenomena that fell out of use due to the fall of the Roman Empire or came into use in the updated tradition already in the Middle Ages. The formulation of the problem and the logic of the reasoning of the author of the treatise fully reveal his ideas about the replenishment and loss of knowledge available to people in a historical perspective. The main merit of Panchiroli is an attempt to reconstruct the circle of forgotten and new technologies by comparing different historical periods. At the same time, the author strives for the impartiality of his judgments and does not try to reveal the superiority of one era over another. Through an appeal to the "forgotten" and "lost" ancient knowledge, Panchiroli gives it publicity, draws attention to it, which together leaves hope for the possibility of revival. The "new" inventions, which somehow became part of the European tradition, personified the increment of knowledge. Their discovery became another confirmation that reality is plastic and subject not only to oblivion, but to renewal.

Keywords: Heinrich Salmut, Emmanuel Philibert, Guido Panciroli, oblivion, ancient material culture, antiquarianism, historical school of law, Early Modern Times, comparative method, invention

Abstract: The article examines the last stage of the existence of the Chudov Monastery of the Moscow Kremlin in its last decades. This period is one of the least studied in the history of the monastery, and yet, it is at this time that both the personal dramas of the inhabitants of the monastery before the closure of the monastery and the procedure for transferring valuables to the Armory that began immediately are exposed. Using the example of the monastery, we see how the new government forms a position regarding valuable monuments. It is noteworthy that the inhabitants of the monastery believed to the last that they would be able to find a compromise solution and leave at least a few monks to guard the monastery and perform divine services, but, unfortunately, the plans of the new government were completely different. In parallel with the process of evicting the monks, there is a struggle for the preservation of the complex exclusively as a monument of architecture and culture, where the main role is played by the Department for Museums and the protection of monuments of Art and antiquity, in those years it was headed first by I. Grobar, and a little later it was replaced by N.Sedova-Trotskaya, which led to the strengthening of the department - this allowed us to do a lot for the preservation of monuments. The work introduces new sources that describe in detail the plot of the relationship between the monastery and the new government, the scrupulousness of preparing for the restoration of the monastery and the feat that scientists performed to save the monument from further destruction as a result of shelling. But all the efforts of scientists for the restoration were in vain, in a great hurry, on the night of December 16-17, 1929, the Cathedral of the Miracle of Archangel Michael was blown up. The restorers did not have time to finish the work on measurements, photo fixation, and even save the frescoes already removed from the walls, which were prepared for museumification.

Keywords: Council of People 's Commissars, Nikolai Dmitrievich Kuznetsov, Kremlin Monuments Department, 14th Kremlin Building, Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Igor Emmanuilovich Grabar, Glavnauka Narkompros, Revolution, Moscow Kremlin, Chudov Monastery

Abstract: The historical analysis of the research conducted during the 1980s - early 1990s by the staff of the USSR Academy of Sciences / Russian Academy of Sciences in relation to the problems of industrial development of the Arctic regions of Yakutia is presented. At the same time, the main attention is paid to those materials that allow the most representative to show the changes that have occurred in the assessment by scientists of the practices and consequences of intensive industrial development of the region during the Soviet period, as well as the prospects for industrial development in new socio-economic realities. The source basis for the development of the topic was the materials identified by the author in the archives of Yakutsk, published documents and data from scientific literature. The work carried out made it possible for the first time in Russian historiography to show that during the period under review, there was actually a profound shift in the paradigm and the problems of studying the issues of industrial development of the Arctic regions of Yakutia. If at its initial stage industry was viewed through the prism of its contribution to the positive development of the region, then at the turn of the late 1980s - early 1990s, the focus of research shifted to assessing the negative consequences of forced industrial development of the Arctic regions of Yakutia during the Soviet period. Radical changes in the socio-economic situation and socio-political attitudes in the country have led to the emergence of new research issues related to the cessation of the development of a significant part of mineral deposits and the liquidation of a number of industrial settlements in this regard.

Keywords: liquidation of industrial settlements, socio-economic crisis, perestroika, industry, development projects, industrial development, The USSR Academy of Sciences, scientific research, Yakutia, The Arctic

Abstract: The article reviews O. Figes' monograph "Crimea, The Last Crusade", dedicated to the Crimean War of 1853-56, published in Russia in 2021. The work of the English historian is considered primarily in the light of approaches to the study of historical memory developed in modern historical science. It is noted that, despite the rich tradition of studying the Crimean War in Russian and Western historiography, the topic of the formation of historical memory of the war of 1853-1856 and the existence of the image of this war in Russia and the countries of the anti-Russian coalition for more than a century and a half has been touched upon little in the literature. Meanwhile, the ongoing discussion in the world historical science on the topic of the "memorial turn" convinces of the importance of updating the memory of such important events of the past as the Crimean War. The emphasis on "places of memory", such as the city of Russian glory of Sevastopol, as can be seen from the public agenda, is also becoming an important means of foreign and domestic policy, a way of reflecting society on its past, present and future, an instrument for solving political and state tasks broadcast through the education system, literature, art, and the press. In this sense, the topic of memorialization of the Crimean War in various countries, raised by O. Figes, undoubtedly needs further development in the Russian historiorgraphy.

Keywords: Russian studies, russophobia, Russia and the West, Sevastopol, Pierre Nora, sites of memory, history of memory, history of Russia, The Crimean War, Orlando Figes