Reference:
Sebekin S.A., Kostrov A.V..
China’s philosophy of war and cyberwarfare: traditional conceptual foundation for non-traditional operations
// International relations. – 2019. – ¹ 3.
– P. 66-81.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2019.3.30872.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2019.3.30872
Read the article
Abstract: This article is devoted to the research on applicability of the key principles of the traditional war philosophy of China, such as the tactic of disinformation-psychological effect upon the enemy, principle of benefit, “subdue the enemy without fighting”, “using the weak to defeat the strong”, “attacking weakness rather than strength”, doctrine of “people’s war” and “thirty-six stratagems” towards cyber operations and cyber conflicts. The authors also explore the fundamental ideas of traditional war philosophy used by modern war theoreticians of China in development of theory of cyber/information warfare. Specific examples of implementation of traditional concepts in cyberspace are presented. This topic is relevant and has practical importance, since study of conducting cyber operation in other countries, especially in China with a vast conceptual foundation, is necessary for development of own doctrine for conducting cyber/information operations. The main conclusion consists in the thesis that Chinese doctrine of cyber/information warfare is being actively developed based on the ancient philosophy of war intrinsic to Chinese culture. In one way or another, while searching for solutions to today’s problems, Chinese theory of cyber/information warfare looks for solutions in its historical military practice.
Keywords: military-philosophical thought, cyberwar, philosophy, cyberspace, cyberattacks, cyberoperations, informatization, cybersecurity, The Art of War, stratagems
References:
China’s National Defense in 2006 // Ministry of National Defense the Peoples Republic of China : website. URL: http://eng.mod.gov.cn/Database/WhitePapers/2006.htm (mode of access: 17.08.2019).
China’s National Defense in 2004 // Ministry of National Defense the Peoples Republic of China : website. URL: http://eng.mod.gov.cn/Database/WhitePapers/2004.htm (mode of access: 17.08.2019).
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Tszedun M. O zatyazhnoy voyne (May 1938 g.) // Mao Tsze-Dun. Izbrannye proizvedeniya : v 5 t. Pekin: Izd-vo literatury na inostrannykh yazykakh, 1969. T. 2. S. 137-246.
Tszedun M. Voprosy strategii partizanskoy voyny protiv yaponskikh zakhvatchikov (May 1938 goda) // Mao Tsze-Dun. Izbrannye proizvedeniya: v 5 t. Pekin: Izd-vo literatury na inostrannykh yazykakh, 1969. T.2. S. 89-136
Reference:
Veprintsev V.B..
Informational component of geopolitical
subjects’ interaction
// International relations. – 2015. – ¹ 2.
– P. 223-240.
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Abstract: The article considers the influence of space distribution of information, informational resources and processes of
informational exchange on geopolitical processes. It provides the characteristic of the system of geopolitical relations transformation
under the influence of the increasing importance of information in different spheres of geopolitics subjects’ activities.
The article describes the key models of geopolitical interactions with the consideration of informational component and
their development due to the increasing importance of the informational component of the general sphere of human life.
The article shows the role and place of informational space as a space of geopolitical relations in the course of a competitive
struggle between geopolitical subjects. The character of the modern geopolitical relations is determined by the transformation
of a traditional geopolitics realized by geopolitical subjects (subjects of geopolitical relations). As geopolitical subjects
this article considers any structured communities of people who are the subjects of geopolitical relations, i.e. have common
interests in the preservation and winning of control of particular areas (territories, spheres) and the resources (energy) allocated
in these areas, and who create different institutions for this purpose (including states) and possess a potential for it
Keywords: management, politics, Russia, information, informational management, informational geopolitics, social medium, informational exchange, informational security, cooperation.
References:
Yuzvishin I.I. Osnovy informatsiologii. Uchebnik. Izdanie 2-e, pererabotannoe i dopolnennoe. – M.: Mezhdunarodnoe izdatel'stvo «Informatsiologiya»; «Vysshaya shkola», 2000. – 517 s.: il.
K. Khauskhofer. Geopoliticheskaya dinamika meridianov i paralleley. – «Elementy», ¹1, M., 2000.
K. Shmitt. Planetarnaya napryazhennost' mezhdu Vostokom i Zapadom i protivostoyanie Zemli i Morya. – «Elementy», ¹8, M., 2000.
Popov V.D. Informatsiologiya i informatsionnaya politika. M.: Izd-vo RAGS, 2001 – 118 s.
Global'naya informatizatsiya i bezopasnost' Rossii: Materialy kruglogo stola «Global'naya informatizatsiya i sotsial'no-gumanitarnye problemy cheloveka, kul'tury, obshchestva» (MGU, oktyabr' 2000 g.) / Pod red. professora V.I. Dobren'kova. – M.: Izd-vo Moskovskogo universiteta, 2001. – 360 s.
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Reference:
Kurilkin A.V..
The peculiarities of organization and
carrying out of information-psychological
operations in international relations and
international conflicts
// International relations. – 2015. – ¹ 2.
– P. 241-247.
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Abstract: The research is aimed at theoretical characterizing of information-psychological influence as a new phenomenon
in a political sphere. The main tasks of the study are: the description of history of information wars and cyber wars development;
the study of the methods and technologies, used in these conflicts; the study of an experience of foreign countries
in these spheres. The author reveals the differences between information wars and classical political campaigns of various
nature and analyzes the phenomenon of cyber wars from the viewpoint of the theory of politics and the theory of international
relations. The methodology of the research is based on the system, structural-functional, comparative-historical,
comparative-political, geopolitical and cultural-civilizational approaches, and the methods of political communicativistics,
analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, modeling and observation. After a swift development of social sciences in the
twentieth century, including the sphere of international relations, political psychology and political communicativistics, and
the development of political technologies given actual impossibility of total wars due to the development of weapons of
mass destruction, the necessity had appeared to create new methods of struggle on the international arena which led to
the emergence of a theory of information wars. The additional impetus to the development of methods of psychological resistance
was given by the situation after the Second World War within the Yalta-Potsdam system of international relations,
when the world was divided into two camps contesting with each other, among other things, in the sphere of ideology. The
complex of the abovementioned factors and the swift development of Mass Media had led to the appearance of a new area
of international politics – a cyberspace.
Keywords: international relations, foreign policy, information-psychological operation, information war, the USA, soft power, information contest, political communication, conflict, information security
References:
Manoylo A.V. Vooruzhennyy myatezh v Ukraine: volna tsvetnykh revolyutsiy idet na Rossiyu // NB: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya. — 2014.-¹ 3.-S.27-35. DOI: 10.7256/2306-4226.2014.3.11498. URL: http://e-notabene.ru/wi/article_11498.html
A. I. Gusher Geopoliticheskie protsessy v Aziatsko-Tikhookeanskom regione. Natsional'nye interesy i bezopasnost' Rossii na Dal'nem Vostoke // Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya.-2012.-1.-C. 25-35.
Petrenko A.I. Siriyskiy gambit // Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya.-2013.-1.-C. 92-95. DOI: 10.7256/2305-560X.2013.01.11.
Aleynikov A.V. Sistemnye konflikty v Rossii: kontseptual'nye osnovaniya analiza. Stat'ya 1. // NB: Problemy obshchestva i politiki.-2013.-7.-C. 94-140. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0158.2013.7.2306. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/pr/article_2306.html
Manoylo A.V. Strategii "upravlyaemogo khaosa" v usloviyakh khaotizatsii mezhdunarodnykh otnosheniy: mif ili real'nost'? // NB: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya.-2014.-1.-C. 1-3. DOI: 10.7256/2306-4226.2014.1.10750. URL: http://www
Reference:
Kurilkin, A.V..
Evolution development of psychological warfare: from propaganda to the psychological operations.
// International relations. – 2014. – ¹ 3.
– P. 472-474.
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Abstract: Currently little attention is paid to the scientific studies of the phenomena of propaganda, psychological warfare,
psychological operations and their influence upon the politics. Additionally the depressive situation with studies of this
matter is made worse by some authors, who while not providing quality phenomenon studies, make their conclusions
based upon the popular conspiracy theories without due application of scientific methodology. In order to study the
said issue it is first necessary to define the terminology, which shall be used in this scientific theoretical article, namely:
propaganda, psychological operation, psychological warfare. Generally, one may state that during a rather short period
of time (less than a century) the methods of psychological warfare went through a long evolution starting with the propaganda
and finishing with the complicated psychological operations events, when the object of influence may even not
understand the influence upon his psyche.
Keywords: international relations, foreign policy, Russia, geopolitics, information warfare, psychological operation, state, interests, values, security.
References:
Filippov V.R. Burkina Faso: politicheskiy krizis 2011 goda // Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya.-2013.-4.-C. 424-438. DOI: 10.7256/2305-560X.2013.4.9721.
Manoylo A.V. Geopoliticheskaya kartina sovremennogo mira // Natsional'naya bezopasnost' / nota bene.-2013.-5.-C. 149-155. DOI: 10.7256/2073-8560.2013.5.9394.
Laynbardzher. P. Psikhologicheskaya voyna.— M.: 1962
Pocheptsov G.G. Psikhologicheskie voyny. — M.: «Refl-buk», 2000
Joint Publication 3-53 Doctrine for Joint Psychological Operations [el.resurs] www.dtic.mil/doctrine/new_pubs/jp3_53.pdf
Kurilkin A.V.. Sovremennye podkhody k vedeniyu informatsionnykh voyn // Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya. – 2014. – ¹ 1. – S. 75-80.
Berneys E. M.: Propaganda.— M., Hippo Publishing LTD, 2010
Veprintsev V.B., Manoylo A.V., Petrenko A.I., Frolov D.B.. Operatsii informatsionno-psikhologicheskoy voyny: kratkiy entsiklopedicheskiy slovar'-spravochnik. — M.: Goryachaya liniya— Telekom , 2005.
Gazetov V. «Kogda zhurnalist sil'nee soldata»-M., Neza
Reference:
Valiullin, I.I..
Evolution of the term “information war” in the political science.
// International relations. – 2014. – ¹ 1.
– P. 68-74.
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Abstract: This article is devoted to the studies of the genesis of the phenomenon and definition of the information war.
Information war is to a considerable degree a publicist term, which was formed by the concepts of post-industrial (information)
society (era) by Daniel Bell, Alvin Toffler, Manuel Castells, etc., and on the other hand due to reflection of objective matters
in journalism, such as formation of the information sphere, new types of mass media, faster spread of information and
greater influence of information on the other spheres of social life. At the same time, the term “information war” reflects
at least two key tendencies: firstly, it is projection of the tension from the military (force) sphere to the information sphere,
and, secondly, it is realization of an advantage in an information sphere in the force dimension of a conflict. The term
“information war” is taken from the Western military-related discourse. It was introduced by Thomas P. Rona in 1976 in
his report for the Boeing company, which was entitled: “Weapon System and Information War”. In this report he stated
that information infrastructure becomes one of the most important and most vulnerable sectors of American economy.
Keywords: international relations, foreign policy, the USA, soft power, conflicts, diplomacy, state, interests, security, information war.
References:
Aron Lamm «Information War Rages Over Libya» The Epoch Times – 2011 http://www.theepochtimes.com/n2/world/information-war-rages-over-libya-60658.html
Brian C. Lewis. Information Warfare, 1997 g. http://www.fas.org/irp/eprint/snyder/infowarfare.htm
Gayane Chichakyan, Kevin Owen. Hillary Clinton declares international information war. Russia Today, 2011 g. http://rt.com/news/information-war-media-us/
Janczewski, Lech, Colarik, Andrew M. Cyber Warfare and Cyber Terrorism. IGI Global, 2008 g.
Martin C. Libicki .What Is Information Warfare?. The Center For Advanced Command Concepts And Technology Institute for National Strategic Studies National Defense University, 1995 g.
Megan Burns Information Warfare: What and How?, 1999 g. http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~burnsm/InfoWarfare.html
Reto E. Haeni Information Warfare. The George Washington University Cyberspace Policy Institute, 1997 g.
Winn Schwartau Chaos on the Electronic Superhighway INFORMATION WARFARE. Thunder’s Mouth Press NY, 1994 g.
Reference:
Kurilkin, A.V..
Modern approaches to information warfare.
// International relations. – 2014. – ¹ 1.
– P. 75-80.
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Abstract: After the nuclear parity was achieved between the USA and the USSR, it became clear that the large-scale
wars with the use of large armies and mass use of heavy armored vehicles, aviation and infantry among the large
states became almost impossible, which made both the USA and the USSR search for other means for an armed
confrontation. Partly, such a confrontation in a bipolar world was expressed in a chain of local conflicts, where if one
of the superpowers supported one of the parties, it was very likely that the other superpower would support the
other party to the local conflict. Development of electronics and science allowed to form the systems of precision
kill weapon systems and “clever” arms, and their impact at the current stage of its development was comparable to
the weapons of mass destruction, which allowed to wage conflicts faster, while made them more complicated and
much more costly. However, at the time of the First and Second World Ware there appeared an idea that the victory
in a war is achieved not so much in destruction of armies of the opposing party, but rather through influencing the
population of the opposing party in order to bring it into such a position, when the people are so demoralized and
tired by the war, that it is impossible to continue the war.
Keywords: international relations, foreign policy, the USA, geopolitics, conflicts, diplomacy, state, information war, security, values.
References:
Berneys E. M.: Propaganda. — M., Hippo Publishing LTD, 2010
Bodriyar Zh. Simulyakry i simulyatsiya [el. resurs] http://simulacra-and-simulation.blogspot.com
Veprintsev V.B., Manoylo A.V., Petrenko A.I., Frolov D.B.. Operatsii informatsionno-psikhologicheskoy voyny: kratkiy entsiklopedicheskiy slovar'-spravochnik. — M.: Goryachaya liniya— Telekom , 2005.
Kara-Murza S. G. Manipulyatsiya soznaniem. — M.: Algoritm, 2004.
Klark U., Levin P. Obespechenie bezopasnosti informatsionnoy magistrali. — M.: Rossiya v global'noy politike, 2010
Laynbardzher. P. Psikhologicheskaya voyna. — M.: 1962
Manoylo A.V., 2003 g.: Gosudarstvennaya informatsionnaya politika v osobykh usloviyakh, monografiya. — M.: Izd. MIFI, 2003
Polevoy ustav armii SShA FM 33-1. Psikhologicheskie operatsii. — M.: GSh VS SSSR, 1988
Pocheptsov G.G. Psikhologicheskie voyny. — M.: «Refl-buk», 2000
Arquilla J., Ronfeldt D. Syberwar is coming!/ In Athena's camp. Preparing for conflict in the information age. Ed. By J.
Reference:
Vinogradova, E.A..
Lybia and the Latin American states: information warfare with the West.
// International relations. – 2012. – ¹ 1.
– P. 100-105.
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Abstract: The events in Libya (the antigovernment revolt and the following intervention of the international forces)
had a major effect on the communication support of the foreign policy of the ALBA states.
This effect manifested itself in the escalation of the information warfare between the member-states of the
ALBA integration alliance, on the one side, and the USA and the EU, on the other. The support of the Gaddhafi
regime became part of the communication policy of Latin-American leaders (Hugo Chavez, Fidel Castro,
Evo Moralez, Raphael Correa, Daniel Ortega) proclaiming as its goal the creation of a new world order.
Keywords: EU, Latin America, ALBA, information wars, USA, Russia, cyber-technology, image, media
References:
Brig F. Kaddafi «Beshenyy pes» ili narodnyy blagodetel'? – M.: Eksmo, 2011. – s.-70.
Brodel' F. Grammatika tsivilizatsiy / per s frants. M.: Ves' Mir. 2008. –
Egorin A. Neizvestnyy Kaddafi. Dvoynoy verblyud zapada. – M.: Eksmo: Algoritm,2011. – 240 s.
Markano K., Tyshki A. Ugo Chaves istoriya odnoy lichnosti. – SPb.: Amfora, 2009. – s.99.
Jean-Jacques Kourliandsky. Renouveau politique et nouvelle donne diplomatique en Amérique latine.
Nestor Garcia. L’Amérique latine au XXIe siècle. – Paris, 2007. –132 p.
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http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2011/04/HALIMI/20379
http://www.analitica.com/va/internacionales/opinion/1906986.asp
http://www.rosbalt.ru/main/2011/08/24/882434.html
http://www.avn.info.ve/node/74489
http://ria.ru/arab_ly/20110428/369241707.html
La nacion – http://www.lanacion.com.ve/noticias.php?IdArticulo=170474&tit=Protesta%20en%20Carac
as%20cont