Abstract: The objects of research are the moral imperatives of the Knights of Malta. In his article Lestev in details described the basic concepts of the knight identity: honor, loyalty, justice, mercy and obedience in terms of the formation of a special system of military-religious order. Despite the universal nature of these concepts, their semantic content as well as localization are different  in a variety of military communities and cultures. This determines the importance of examining the spiritual aspirations, spiritual quest of man, his moral imperatives in the study of a particular culture. In addition to the general historical research methods, the author also used socio-psychological and comparative (comparative cultural studies) methods to describe the development of the system of moral imperatives of knights of the spiritual Order and to compare them with similar concepts of secular knights. As the main result of this study, Lestev shows the transition made by members of the Order of Malta from feudal thinking to thinking about whole Christian world, generally good-Christian, which was the forerunner of modern humanistic ideas and international organizations providing humanitarian assistance in all parts of the world. It was the first time the knights of religious orders were able to counter and implement the idea of the common good opposing to the idea of profit and personal advantage. 

Keywords: Crusades, Christianity, Morality, Knighthood, Existential, Imperative, Loyalty, Honor, Order of Malta, Military Culture

References:
Bartelemi D. Rytsarstvo: ot drevney Germanii do Frantsii XII v. SPb.: EVRAZIYa, 2012. 584 s.
De Verto R.-O. Istoriya mal'tiyskikh rytsarey. M.: «SPSL», «Russkaya panorama», 2014. V 2-kh tt. 1043 s.
De Vul'f M. Srednevekovaya filosofiya i tsivilizatsiya. M.: ZAO Tsentrpoligraf, 2014. 253 s.
Zakharov, V.A. Problemy suvereniteta Mal'tiyskogo ordena i ego mezhdunarodno-pravovoe polozhenie // Sovremennoe pravo. № 4. 2007. S. 67 – 79.
Kozlov M.S. Deyatel'nost' Sacra Infermeria v period prebyvaniya Ordena gospital'erov na Mal'te / M.S. Kozlov // Sovremennaya nauchnaya mysl'. 2014. № 2. S. 6 – 11.
Kolosova I.V. Russko-mal'tiyskiy rytsarskiy soyuz / I.V. Kolosova // Geopoliticheskiy zhurnal. 2014. № 3. S. 95 – 102.
Men'chikov G.P. Zhizn' kak filosofskaya kategoriya / G.P. Men'chikov // Vestnik MGUKI. 2008. №5. S. 13 – 17.
Men'chikov G.P. Chelovek i ego bazovye ekzistentsial'nye determinatsii / G.P. Men'chikov // Vestnik Kazanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta kul'tury i iskusstv. 2008. №3. S. 131 – 141.
Svistunov A. Krest protiv polumesyatsa: velikaya osada Mal'ty // Sputnik & Pogrom. 2015. Internet-sayt. URL: http://sputnikipogrom.com/history/34020/cross-vs-srescent/#.VUYCO_Apg0j [data obrashcheniya: 03.05.2015.]
Tret'yakova M.V. Politicheskie sistemy evropeyskikh gosudarstv v putevykh zametkakh stol'nika P.A. Tolstogo / M.V. Tret'yakova // Mir nauki, kul'tury i obrazovaniya. 2011. № 4-2. S. 156 – 159.
Chleny Ordena / Mal'tiyskiy orden. Suverennyy Voennyy Orden Gospital'erov Svyatogo Ioanna Ierusalimskogo, Rodosa i Mal'ty. Ofitsial'nyy Internet-sayt. URL: http://www.orderofmalta.int/%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%B8-%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE-%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F/28211/dhdhdhudhn-dhznedhdhudhdh/?lang=ru [Data obrashcheniya: 03.05.2015.]
Ikegami E. The taming of the samurai. Honorific individualism and the making of the modern Japan. Harvard: Harvard university press, 1997. 428 p.
Trischitta, Marcello Maria Marocco The knights of Malta. A legend towards the future. Rome: Association of the Italian Knights of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. 37 p.
Kutishchev A.V. Kul'turno-tsivilizatsionnye aspekty voyn pozdnego feodalizma. // Politika i Obshchestvo. - 2014. - 7. - C. 855 - 863. DOI: 10.7256/1812-8696.2014.7.12314.

References (transliteration):
Bartelemi D. Rytsarstvo: ot drevney Germanii do Frantsii XII v. SPb.: EVRAZIYa, 2012. 584 s.
De Verto R.-O. Istoriya mal'tiyskikh rytsarey. M.: «SPSL», «Russkaya panorama», 2014. V 2-kh tt. 1043 s.
De Vul'f M. Srednevekovaya filosofiya i tsivilizatsiya. M.: ZAO Tsentrpoligraf, 2014. 253 s.
Zakharov, V.A. Problemy suvereniteta Mal'tiyskogo ordena i ego mezhdunarodno-pravovoe polozhenie // Sovremennoe pravo. № 4. 2007. S. 67 – 79.
Kozlov M.S. Deyatel'nost' Sacra Infermeria v period prebyvaniya Ordena gospital'erov na Mal'te / M.S. Kozlov // Sovremennaya nauchnaya mysl'. 2014. № 2. S. 6 – 11.
Kolosova I.V. Russko-mal'tiyskiy rytsarskiy soyuz / I.V. Kolosova // Geopoliticheskiy zhurnal. 2014. № 3. S. 95 – 102.
Men'chikov G.P. Zhizn' kak filosofskaya kategoriya / G.P. Men'chikov // Vestnik MGUKI. 2008. №5. S. 13 – 17.
Men'chikov G.P. Chelovek i ego bazovye ekzistentsial'nye determinatsii / G.P. Men'chikov // Vestnik Kazanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta kul'tury i iskusstv. 2008. №3. S. 131 – 141.
Svistunov A. Krest protiv polumesyatsa: velikaya osada Mal'ty // Sputnik & Pogrom. 2015. Internet-sayt. URL: http://sputnikipogrom.com/history/34020/cross-vs-srescent/#.VUYCO_Apg0j [data obrashcheniya: 03.05.2015.]
Tret'yakova M.V. Politicheskie sistemy evropeyskikh gosudarstv v putevykh zametkakh stol'nika P.A. Tolstogo / M.V. Tret'yakova // Mir nauki, kul'tury i obrazovaniya. 2011. № 4-2. S. 156 – 159.
Chleny Ordena / Mal'tiyskiy orden. Suverennyy Voennyy Orden Gospital'erov Svyatogo Ioanna Ierusalimskogo, Rodosa i Mal'ty. Ofitsial'nyy Internet-sayt. URL: http://www.orderofmalta.int/%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%B8-%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE-%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F/28211/dhdhdhudhn-dhznedhdhudhdh/?lang=ru [Data obrashcheniya: 03.05.2015.]
Ikegami E. The taming of the samurai. Honorific individualism and the making of the modern Japan. Harvard: Harvard university press, 1997. 428 p.
Trischitta, Marcello Maria Marocco The knights of Malta. A legend towards the future. Rome: Association of the Italian Knights of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. 37 p.
Kutishchev A.V. Kul'turno-tsivilizatsionnye aspekty voyn pozdnego feodalizma. // Politika i Obshchestvo. - 2014. - 7. - C. 855 - 863. DOI: 10.7256/1812-8696.2014.7.12314.

Abstract: Despite the fact that there is a great variety of anthropological concepts and schools, anthropology is guided by the paradigm of human reason. It is the awakening mind tentatively learning the world and producing a bunch of strange and exotic practices the ancestors of human paid much attention to. The dichotomy ‘instinct or reason’ confine most of anthropological researches. The present article is aimed at undermining the authority of this dichotomy and carrying out a research of something the third, something between instinct and reason – a strange instinct excluding reflective performance algorithms. The author solves the Gordian knot by reconstructing and comparing a number of factors which create a rather limited picture of the alternative logic and the meaning of human evolution. As a result, a new vision of the outcome of history has been created. This is the vision of the history developing within the framework of species competition and driven by the initiation of the defensive instinct when an individual stands above the irresistible circumstances of isolation and his dedication is approved in the cult as the historically the first instrument of retaining humanity.

Keywords: Instinct, consciousness, spontaneity, ritual, genotype, phenotype, evolution, archanthrope, competition, sacrifice.

References:
Agamben Dzh. Homo sacer. Suverennaya vlast' i golaya zhizn'. – M.: Izdatel'stvo «Evropa», 2011.-256 s.
Anikovich M. V., Anisyutkin N. K., Vishnyatskiy L. B. Uzlovye problemy perekhoda k verkhnemu paleolitu v Evrazii. – SPb., 2007.
Antropologicheskie matritsy KhKh veka. L.S. Vygotskiy – P.A. Florenskiy. Nesostoyavshiysya dialog. – M.: Progress-Traditsiya, 2007.
Boroday Yu. M. Ot fantazii k real'nosti. – M.; 1995.
Godel'e M. Zagadka dara. – M.; 2007.
Golovnev A. V. Antropologiya dvizheniya (drevnosti severnoy Evrazii). – Ekaterinburg.; 2009.
Kassirer E. Filosofiya simvolicheskikh form. T.2. Mifologicheskoe myshlenie. – M.; 2001.
Lorents K. Oborotnaya storona zerkala. – M.; 1988.
Markov A. Evolyutsiya cheloveka. Kn. 1. Obez'yany, kosti i geny. – M., 2011.
Moos M. Sotsial'nye funktsii svyashchennogo. – Sankt-Peterburg, 2000.
Nazaretyan A. P.. «Tsivilizatsionnye krizisy v kontekste universal'noy istorii».– M., 2004.
Pershits A. I. Problemy normativnoy etnografii // Issledovaniya po obshchey etnografii. M., 1979.
Reznikova Zh. I. Kognitivnoe povedenie zhivotnykh, ego adaptatsionnaya funktsiya i zakonomernosti formirovaniya. – // Vestnik NGU. Seriya: Psikhologiya. T.3.• Vyp. 2. 2009.
Rouz F. Aborigeny Avstralii. Traditsionnoe obshchestvo. – M.; 1989.
Saringulyan K. S. O regulyativnykh aspektakh kul'turnoy traditsii // SE. 1981. № 2.
Semenov Yu. I. Kak vozniklo chelovechestvo. – Moskva, 1966.
Tokarev S. A. Rannie formy religii. – M., 1990.
Toporov V.N. O rituale. Vvedenie v problematiku. M., 1988. S.24.
Tsiv'yan T. V. K semantike prostranstvennykh i vremennykh pokazateley v fol'klore //Sb. statey po vtorichnym modeliruyushchim sistemam. – Tartu.; 1973.
Eliade M. Ocherki sravnitel'nogo religiovedeniya. – M.; 1999.
Yaspers K. Obshchaya psikhopatologiya. M.: Praktika, 1997. – 1053 c.
Blaisdell A . R., Sawa K., Leising K. J . , Waldmann M. R . Causal Reasoning in Rats // Science. V. 311. 2006.
Firth R. Essays on social organization and values. London, 1964.
Franz M. Evolution. Die Entwicklung des Lebens. – München., 2002.
Moscovici S. La societe contre nature; UGE 10/18, Paris., 1972.
Reimann R. Der Schamane sieht eine Hexe – der Ethnologe sieht nichts. Frankfurt/ Main., 1998.
Weidkuhn P. Aggressivität und Normativitat//Anthropos. 1968—1969. Vol. 63/64.
Wulf C. Anthropologie. Geschichte. Kultur. Philosophie. – Hamburg., 2004.

References (transliteration):
Agamben Dzh. Homo sacer. Suverennaya vlast' i golaya zhizn'. – M.: Izdatel'stvo «Evropa», 2011.-256 s.
Anikovich M. V., Anisyutkin N. K., Vishnyatskiy L. B. Uzlovye problemy perekhoda k verkhnemu paleolitu v Evrazii. – SPb., 2007.
Antropologicheskie matritsy KhKh veka. L.S. Vygotskiy – P.A. Florenskiy. Nesostoyavshiysya dialog. – M.: Progress-Traditsiya, 2007.
Boroday Yu. M. Ot fantazii k real'nosti. – M.; 1995.
Godel'e M. Zagadka dara. – M.; 2007.
Golovnev A. V. Antropologiya dvizheniya (drevnosti severnoy Evrazii). – Ekaterinburg.; 2009.
Kassirer E. Filosofiya simvolicheskikh form. T.2. Mifologicheskoe myshlenie. – M.; 2001.
Lorents K. Oborotnaya storona zerkala. – M.; 1988.
Markov A. Evolyutsiya cheloveka. Kn. 1. Obez'yany, kosti i geny. – M., 2011.
Moos M. Sotsial'nye funktsii svyashchennogo. – Sankt-Peterburg, 2000.
Nazaretyan A. P.. «Tsivilizatsionnye krizisy v kontekste universal'noy istorii».– M., 2004.
Pershits A. I. Problemy normativnoy etnografii // Issledovaniya po obshchey etnografii. M., 1979.
Reznikova Zh. I. Kognitivnoe povedenie zhivotnykh, ego adaptatsionnaya funktsiya i zakonomernosti formirovaniya. – // Vestnik NGU. Seriya: Psikhologiya. T.3.• Vyp. 2. 2009.
Rouz F. Aborigeny Avstralii. Traditsionnoe obshchestvo. – M.; 1989.
Saringulyan K. S. O regulyativnykh aspektakh kul'turnoy traditsii // SE. 1981. № 2.
Semenov Yu. I. Kak vozniklo chelovechestvo. – Moskva, 1966.
Tokarev S. A. Rannie formy religii. – M., 1990.
Toporov V.N. O rituale. Vvedenie v problematiku. M., 1988. S.24.
Tsiv'yan T. V. K semantike prostranstvennykh i vremennykh pokazateley v fol'klore //Sb. statey po vtorichnym modeliruyushchim sistemam. – Tartu.; 1973.
Eliade M. Ocherki sravnitel'nogo religiovedeniya. – M.; 1999.
Yaspers K. Obshchaya psikhopatologiya. M.: Praktika, 1997. – 1053 c.
Blaisdell A . R., Sawa K., Leising K. J . , Waldmann M. R . Causal Reasoning in Rats // Science. V. 311. 2006.
Firth R. Essays on social organization and values. London, 1964.
Franz M. Evolution. Die Entwicklung des Lebens. – München., 2002.
Moscovici S. La societe contre nature; UGE 10/18, Paris., 1972.
Reimann R. Der Schamane sieht eine Hexe – der Ethnologe sieht nichts. Frankfurt/ Main., 1998.
Weidkuhn P. Aggressivität und Normativitat//Anthropos. 1968—1969. Vol. 63/64.
Wulf C. Anthropologie. Geschichte. Kultur. Philosophie. – Hamburg., 2004.

Abstract: The article is aimed at analyzing changes in the system of private and alternative systems of education and inclusion of scientific projects not only as the fields of research but also innovation-based education of preschoolers and primary school students in order to develop efficient skills of intercultural communication, formation of cultural and national identity and natural tolerance. At the present time more and more parents get involved into the process of educating their children due to disrespect towards state preschool and especially school education. Some parents choose private education, others take children to infant development centers. Some parents are quite skeptical about social institutions of up-bringing and education and therefore practice homeschooling in a new modification – ‘no schooling’ theory. Parents’ initiatives regarding education of their children are becoming systematic which requires to include academic community in the process, too. The author of the article presents practical experience of implementation of ethnic education.

Keywords: cultural research, ethnic education, intercultural adaptation, tolerance, national identity, innovationbased education, ethnography of childhood and child’s pedagogy, communication creativity, dialogue of cultures (cultural communications), empathic dialogue.

Contact information: Lapkina Nataliya Andreevna, 119334, Russia, Moscow, Leninsky prospect 32A.

References:
Abramova A.A. Roditel'skie solidarnosti bol'shogo goroda: tsennosti i praktiki semeynykh soobshchestv, tsentrov i klubov // X Kongress etnografov i antropologov Rossii Moskva, 2-5 iyulya 2013g. Tezisy dokladov. M., 2013
Lloyd Demoz Psikhoistoriya.-M. Feniks, 2000.-s 178
Lapkina N.A. Progulki s knigoy: kak vklyuchit' nauku v obrazovatel'nye programmy i programmy rannego razvitiya detey // Kul'tura i iskusstvo № 6 (12).-M., 2012.-ss. 102-106
Butovskaya M.L. Yazyk tela: priroda i kul'tura (evolyutsionnye i kross-kul'turnye osnovy neverbal'noy kommunikatsii cheloveka) .-M., 2004 440s.
Popov E.A., Maksimova S.G. Sovremennoe grazhdanskoe obshchestvo v Rossii: problemy stanovleniya i regional'nogo razvitiya // NB: Problemy obshchestva i politiki.-2012.-1.-C. 1-20. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0158.2012.1.38. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/pr/article_38.html
Pushkareva N.L. Russkaya zhenshchina: istoriya i sovremennost'.-M., 2002.
Mirche Eliade Svyashchennoe i mirskoe. — M., 1994. — 144 s.
Snegurova V.I. Modeli distantsionnogo obucheniya v sisteme srednego obrazovaniya // Vestnik Rossiyskogo universitet druzhby narodov. Seriya: Informatizatsiya obrazovaniya, № 2, 2009. – Moskva, 2009. S. 95 – 106
Lapkina N.A.Sotsial'nyy potentsial internet-resursov v diskurse etnichnosti // Uchenye zapiski Petrozavodskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta № 3 may, (116) Obshchestvennye i gumanitarnye nauki.-Petrozavodsk, 2011.-ss. 73-75
Khutorskoy A.V. Tipy distantsionnogo obucheniya // Internet-zhurnal "Eydos".-1999-8 dekabrya http://www.eidos.ru/journal/1999/1208-01.htm
Kalmykov AA i dr. Distantsionnoe obuchenie. Vvedenie v pedagogicheskuyu tekhnologiyu.-M., 2005
Evstigneev E.N., Viktorova N.G. Innovatsii v obuchenii gumanitarnym i sotsial'no-ekonomicheskim distsiplinam v vuze // NB: Finansovoe pravo i upravlenie.-2012.-1.-C. 1-20. DOI: 10.7256/2306-4234.2012.1.397. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/flc/article_397.html

References (transliteration):
Abramova A.A. Roditel'skie solidarnosti bol'shogo goroda: tsennosti i praktiki semeynykh soobshchestv, tsentrov i klubov // X Kongress etnografov i antropologov Rossii Moskva, 2-5 iyulya 2013g. Tezisy dokladov. M., 2013
Lloyd Demoz Psikhoistoriya.-M. Feniks, 2000.-s 178
Lapkina N.A. Progulki s knigoy: kak vklyuchit' nauku v obrazovatel'nye programmy i programmy rannego razvitiya detey // Kul'tura i iskusstvo № 6 (12).-M., 2012.-ss. 102-106
Butovskaya M.L. Yazyk tela: priroda i kul'tura (evolyutsionnye i kross-kul'turnye osnovy neverbal'noy kommunikatsii cheloveka) .-M., 2004 440s.
Popov E.A., Maksimova S.G. Sovremennoe grazhdanskoe obshchestvo v Rossii: problemy stanovleniya i regional'nogo razvitiya // NB: Problemy obshchestva i politiki.-2012.-1.-C. 1-20. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0158.2012.1.38. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/pr/article_38.html
Pushkareva N.L. Russkaya zhenshchina: istoriya i sovremennost'.-M., 2002.
Mirche Eliade Svyashchennoe i mirskoe. — M., 1994. — 144 s.
Snegurova V.I. Modeli distantsionnogo obucheniya v sisteme srednego obrazovaniya // Vestnik Rossiyskogo universitet druzhby narodov. Seriya: Informatizatsiya obrazovaniya, № 2, 2009. – Moskva, 2009. S. 95 – 106
Lapkina N.A.Sotsial'nyy potentsial internet-resursov v diskurse etnichnosti // Uchenye zapiski Petrozavodskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta № 3 may, (116) Obshchestvennye i gumanitarnye nauki.-Petrozavodsk, 2011.-ss. 73-75
Khutorskoy A.V. Tipy distantsionnogo obucheniya // Internet-zhurnal "Eydos".-1999-8 dekabrya http://www.eidos.ru/journal/1999/1208-01.htm
Kalmykov AA i dr. Distantsionnoe obuchenie. Vvedenie v pedagogicheskuyu tekhnologiyu.-M., 2005
Evstigneev E.N., Viktorova N.G. Innovatsii v obuchenii gumanitarnym i sotsial'no-ekonomicheskim distsiplinam v vuze // NB: Finansovoe pravo i upravlenie.-2012.-1.-C. 1-20. DOI: 10.7256/2306-4234.2012.1.397. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/flc/article_397.html

Abstract: The article continues the theme of the ethnical gypsy court, one of the main institutions of behavior control which is still used by certain gypsy tribes in Central, South-Eastern and Eastern Europe. The author of this article describes the main features of the gypsy court as the method of institutional resolution of confl icts between communities as well as transformations ongoing at a modern stage of development.

Keywords: cultural research, ethnology, gypsy court, non-judicial confl ict resolution, institutional confl ict resolution, authority and social-age status, composition of court, mixed court, cross border courts, International Romani Union.

Contact information: MARUSHIAKOVA Elena Andreevna, L. Moskovksa 6A, Sofi a, Bulgaria.

References:
1. Marushiakova E. A., Popov V. Z. Tsyganskiy sud kak element traditsionnoy sotsio-normativnoy kul'tury //
Kul'tura i iskusstvo. 2012. № 5 (11). S. 37–47.
2. Marushiakova E. A., Popov V. Z. Tsyganskiy sud v Vostochnoy Evrope: issledovaniya, mistifikatsii,
diskussii // Kul'tura i iskusstvo. 2012. № 6 (12). S. 43–51.
3. Achim V. Ţiganii in istoria Romaniei. Bucureşti: Enciclopedica, 1998.
4. Acton T. A. A Three-cornered Choice: Structural Consequences of Value-Priorities in Gypsy Law as a Model for
More General Understanding of Variations in the Administration of Justice // The American Journal of Comparative
Law, 51, 2003, 3.
5. Acton T., Klimova I. The International Romani Union. An East European answer to West European questions? //
Guy, W. (Ed.) Between Past and Future: the Roma of Central and Eastern Europe. Hatfi eld: University of
Hertfordshire Press, 2001. P. 157–226.
6. Bobu N. Book about Rroms. Common Law — a Legal Peace Process. Cluj-Napoca: Dacia, 2002.
7. Caffrey S., Mundy G. Informal System of Justice: The Formation of Law within Gypsy Communities. // Weyrauch, W. O.
(Ed.) Gypsy Law. Romani Legal Traditions and Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001. P. 101–116.
8. Loss S. The Romani Kris. Research Report. Miskolc, 2002.
9. Marushiakova E., Popov,V. The Gypsy Court in Eastern Europe // Romani Studies. 2007. № 17 (1). P. 67–101.
10. Marushiakova E., Popov V. Zigeuner — Auf beiden Seiten der Grenze // Materialien des SFB «Differenz und
Integration». Berichte aus den Arbeitsgruppen: Grenzen und Übergänge. Eine Unterreihe der Orientwissenschaftliches
Zentrum. Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 2002, 1. P. 33–44.
11. Stewart M. Time of the Gypsies. Boulder Colorado: Westview Press, 1997.
12. Weyrauch W. O., Bell M. A. Autonomous Lawmaking: The case of the «Gypsies» // Weyrauch, W. O. (Ed.) Gypsy
Law. Romani Legal Traditions and Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001. P. 11–87.

References (transliteration):
1. Marushiakova E. A., Popov V. Z. Tsyganskiy sud kak element traditsionnoy sotsio-normativnoy kul'tury //
Kul'tura i iskusstvo. 2012. № 5 (11). S. 37–47.
2. Marushiakova E. A., Popov V. Z. Tsyganskiy sud v Vostochnoy Evrope: issledovaniya, mistifikatsii,
diskussii // Kul'tura i iskusstvo. 2012. № 6 (12). S. 43–51.
3. Achim V. Ţiganii in istoria Romaniei. Bucureşti: Enciclopedica, 1998.
4. Acton T. A. A Three-cornered Choice: Structural Consequences of Value-Priorities in Gypsy Law as a Model for
More General Understanding of Variations in the Administration of Justice // The American Journal of Comparative
Law, 51, 2003, 3.
5. Acton T., Klimova I. The International Romani Union. An East European answer to West European questions? //
Guy, W. (Ed.) Between Past and Future: the Roma of Central and Eastern Europe. Hatfi eld: University of
Hertfordshire Press, 2001. P. 157–226.
6. Bobu N. Book about Rroms. Common Law — a Legal Peace Process. Cluj-Napoca: Dacia, 2002.
7. Caffrey S., Mundy G. Informal System of Justice: The Formation of Law within Gypsy Communities. // Weyrauch, W. O.
(Ed.) Gypsy Law. Romani Legal Traditions and Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001. P. 101–116.
8. Loss S. The Romani Kris. Research Report. Miskolc, 2002.
9. Marushiakova E., Popov,V. The Gypsy Court in Eastern Europe // Romani Studies. 2007. № 17 (1). P. 67–101.
10. Marushiakova E., Popov V. Zigeuner — Auf beiden Seiten der Grenze // Materialien des SFB «Differenz und
Integration». Berichte aus den Arbeitsgruppen: Grenzen und Übergänge. Eine Unterreihe der Orientwissenschaftliches
Zentrum. Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 2002, 1. P. 33–44.
11. Stewart M. Time of the Gypsies. Boulder Colorado: Westview Press, 1997.
12. Weyrauch W. O., Bell M. A. Autonomous Lawmaking: The case of the «Gypsies» // Weyrauch, W. O. (Ed.) Gypsy
Law. Romani Legal Traditions and Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001. P. 11–87.

Abstract: Ethnic gypsy court is one of the central and mostly developed topics in gypsy researches nowadays. It was discussed during a number of discussions in scientific literature, however, experts still do not have a common opinion about the nature of this phenomenon, its conents, functions and origin. The purpose of this particular article is to disaprove some scientific myths and ethnologists’ views on the ethnic court based on field materials collected over a 30-year period in Central, South East and Eastern Europe. The authors of the article describe the expansion of the institution of gypsy court among different ethnic and territorial gypsy tribes in the aforesaid reginos as well as provides the definition of gypsy court, its participants and court decisions.

Keywords: cultural research, gypsies, gypsy court, gypsy slavery, service nomadism, expansion among ethnic tribes, matchmaking, bride stealing, gypsy dialects (romani), myth about gypsy barons.

References:
1. Kalinin V. Zagadka baltiyskikh tsygan. Ocherki istorii, kul'tury i sotsial'nogo razvitiya baltiyskikh
tsygan. Minsk: Logvinov, 2005.
2. Marushiakova E. A., Popov V. Z. Tsyganskiy sud kak element traditsionnoy sotsio-normativnoy kul'tury //
Kul'tura i iskusstvo 2012, 5 (11), s. 37–47.
3. Achim V. Ţiganii in istoria Romaniei. Bucureşti: Enciclopedica, 1998.
4. Acton T. A. A Three-cornered Choice: Structural Consequences of Value-Priorities in Gypsy Law as a Model for
More General Understanding of Variations in the Administration of Justice // The American Journal of Comparative
Law, 51, 2003, 3, pp. 639-658.
5. Acton T., Caffrey S., Mundy G. Theorising Gypsy Law // Weyrauch W. O. (Ed.) Gypsy Law. Romani Legal Traditions
and Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001, P.88-100.
6. Durham E. High Albania. London: Edward Arnold, 1909.
7. Ficowski J. L’autorite du Sero-Rom sur les Tsiganes de Pologne //Etudes Tsiganes, 1981, 4. P. 15–25.
8. Ficowski J. Cyganie na polskich drogach. Krakow: Wydawnistwo Literackie, 1985.
9. Fraser A. The Rom Migrations. //Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Ser. 5, 1992, 2, P. 131-143.
10. Fuchs B. Verantwortung der Kirche für Sinti und Roma. Studien zur Wahrnehmung einer kulturellen Minderheit. //
Gronemeyer, R., Rakelmann G. A. (Eds.) Tsiganologische Studien. Giessen: Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen und
Institut für Soziologie, 1991, Nr. 1–2, P. 103.
11. Gropper R. Gypsies in the City. Culture Patterns and Survival. Princeton, 1975.
12. Hayden B. The Cultural Ecology of Service Nomads// The Eastern Anthropologist, 1979, 32, 4, P. 297-309.
13. Hobsbawm E. (Ed.) The Invention of Tradition. Oxford: University of Oxford, 1992.
14. Igla B. Notes. // Marushiakova, E., Popov, V. (Eds.) Studii Romani. Vol. III-IV. The Song of the Bridge. SoÞ a:
Litavra, 1997.
15. Kogalnitchan M. De Skizze einer Geschichte der Zigeuner ihrer Sitten und ihrer Sprache nebst einem kleinem
Wörterbuche dieser Sprache, von Michael von Kogalnitchan. Stuttgart, 1840.
16. Kovalcsik K. Roma or Boyash Identity?// The World of Music 1996,, 38, 1, P. 77-93.
17. Kowarska A. J. Polska Roma. Tradycja i nowoczesnosc. Warszawa: DiG, 2005.
18. Lee R. The Rom-Vlach Gypsies and the Kris-Romani // Weyrauch, W. O. (Ed.) Gypsy Law. Romani Legal Traditions
and Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001, P. 188–230.
19. Marushiakova E., Popov V. The Gypsy Court in Eastern Europe // Romani Studies 2007, 17 (1), P. 67–101.
20. Marushiakova E., Popov V. Myth as Process. In: Acton T. (Ed.) Scholarship and the Gypsy Struggle. Commitment
in Romani Studies. HatÞ eld: University of Hertfordshire Press, 2000, P.81-93.
21. Marushiakova E., Popov V. Segmentation vs Consolidation: The example of four Gypsy Groups in CIS. // Romani
Studies, 2004, Ser. 5, 14 (2), P. 145-191.
22. Marushiakova E., Popov V. Gypsy Slavery in Wallachia and Moldavia. // Kamusella T., Jaskulowski K. (Eds.)
Nationalisms Today. Oxford: Peter Lang, 2009, P. 89-124.
23. Matras Y. Romani. A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
24. Moreli B., Soravia G. I Pativ mengr. Il nostro onore. La lingua e le tradizioni dei Rom Abruzzesi. Roma: Centro
Studi Zingari, 1998.
25. Piasere L. I Plesnora: uomini di pace fra i Xoraxane // Lacio Drom, 1983, 19, 1. P. 9–20.
26. Potra G. Contributiuni la istoricul Țiganilor din Rumania. Bucharest: Fundaţia Regele Carol, 1939.
27. Sutherland A. Gypsies: The Hidden Americans. Prospect Heights, Illinois: Waveland Press, 1975.
28. Weyrauch W. O., Bell M. A. Autonomous Lawmaking: The case of the ‘Gypsies’ //The Yale Law Journal, 1993, 103, 2. P. 323–399.
29. Weyrauch W. O., Bell M. A. Autonomous Lawmaking: The case of the «Gypsies» // Weyrauch, W. O. (Ed.) Gypsy
Law. Romani Legal Traditions and Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001, P. 11–87.
30. Williams P. Mariage tsigane: une cérémonie de Þ nançailles chez les Rom de Paris. Paris: L’Harmattan/Selaf, 1984.
31. Yoors Y. The Gypsies. Illinois: Waveland, 1987.
32. Bobu N. Book about Rroms. Common Law – a Legal Peace Process. Cluj-Napoca: Dacia, 2002.
33. Boretzky N. Die Vlach-Dialekte des Romani. Wiesbaden: Harassowitz, 2003.
34. Cotton, R. An anthropologist looks at Gypsyology// Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, 1955, Ser. 3, Vol. 34, 1, P. 20–37.

References (transliteration):
1. Kalinin V. Zagadka baltiyskikh tsygan. Ocherki istorii, kul'tury i sotsial'nogo razvitiya baltiyskikh
tsygan. Minsk: Logvinov, 2005.
2. Marushiakova E. A., Popov V. Z. Tsyganskiy sud kak element traditsionnoy sotsio-normativnoy kul'tury //
Kul'tura i iskusstvo 2012, 5 (11), s. 37–47.
3. Achim V. Ţiganii in istoria Romaniei. Bucureşti: Enciclopedica, 1998.
4. Acton T. A. A Three-cornered Choice: Structural Consequences of Value-Priorities in Gypsy Law as a Model for
More General Understanding of Variations in the Administration of Justice // The American Journal of Comparative
Law, 51, 2003, 3, pp. 639-658.
5. Acton T., Caffrey S., Mundy G. Theorising Gypsy Law // Weyrauch W. O. (Ed.) Gypsy Law. Romani Legal Traditions
and Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001, P.88-100.
6. Durham E. High Albania. London: Edward Arnold, 1909.
7. Ficowski J. L’autorite du Sero-Rom sur les Tsiganes de Pologne //Etudes Tsiganes, 1981, 4. P. 15–25.
8. Ficowski J. Cyganie na polskich drogach. Krakow: Wydawnistwo Literackie, 1985.
9. Fraser A. The Rom Migrations. //Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Ser. 5, 1992, 2, P. 131-143.
10. Fuchs B. Verantwortung der Kirche für Sinti und Roma. Studien zur Wahrnehmung einer kulturellen Minderheit. //
Gronemeyer, R., Rakelmann G. A. (Eds.) Tsiganologische Studien. Giessen: Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen und
Institut für Soziologie, 1991, Nr. 1–2, P. 103.
11. Gropper R. Gypsies in the City. Culture Patterns and Survival. Princeton, 1975.
12. Hayden B. The Cultural Ecology of Service Nomads// The Eastern Anthropologist, 1979, 32, 4, P. 297-309.
13. Hobsbawm E. (Ed.) The Invention of Tradition. Oxford: University of Oxford, 1992.
14. Igla B. Notes. // Marushiakova, E., Popov, V. (Eds.) Studii Romani. Vol. III-IV. The Song of the Bridge. SoÞ a:
Litavra, 1997.
15. Kogalnitchan M. De Skizze einer Geschichte der Zigeuner ihrer Sitten und ihrer Sprache nebst einem kleinem
Wörterbuche dieser Sprache, von Michael von Kogalnitchan. Stuttgart, 1840.
16. Kovalcsik K. Roma or Boyash Identity?// The World of Music 1996,, 38, 1, P. 77-93.
17. Kowarska A. J. Polska Roma. Tradycja i nowoczesnosc. Warszawa: DiG, 2005.
18. Lee R. The Rom-Vlach Gypsies and the Kris-Romani // Weyrauch, W. O. (Ed.) Gypsy Law. Romani Legal Traditions
and Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001, P. 188–230.
19. Marushiakova E., Popov V. The Gypsy Court in Eastern Europe // Romani Studies 2007, 17 (1), P. 67–101.
20. Marushiakova E., Popov V. Myth as Process. In: Acton T. (Ed.) Scholarship and the Gypsy Struggle. Commitment
in Romani Studies. HatÞ eld: University of Hertfordshire Press, 2000, P.81-93.
21. Marushiakova E., Popov V. Segmentation vs Consolidation: The example of four Gypsy Groups in CIS. // Romani
Studies, 2004, Ser. 5, 14 (2), P. 145-191.
22. Marushiakova E., Popov V. Gypsy Slavery in Wallachia and Moldavia. // Kamusella T., Jaskulowski K. (Eds.)
Nationalisms Today. Oxford: Peter Lang, 2009, P. 89-124.
23. Matras Y. Romani. A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
24. Moreli B., Soravia G. I Pativ mengr. Il nostro onore. La lingua e le tradizioni dei Rom Abruzzesi. Roma: Centro
Studi Zingari, 1998.
25. Piasere L. I Plesnora: uomini di pace fra i Xoraxane // Lacio Drom, 1983, 19, 1. P. 9–20.
26. Potra G. Contributiuni la istoricul Țiganilor din Rumania. Bucharest: Fundaţia Regele Carol, 1939.
27. Sutherland A. Gypsies: The Hidden Americans. Prospect Heights, Illinois: Waveland Press, 1975.
28. Weyrauch W. O., Bell M. A. Autonomous Lawmaking: The case of the ‘Gypsies’ //The Yale Law Journal, 1993, 103, 2. P. 323–399.
29. Weyrauch W. O., Bell M. A. Autonomous Lawmaking: The case of the «Gypsies» // Weyrauch, W. O. (Ed.) Gypsy
Law. Romani Legal Traditions and Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001, P. 11–87.
30. Williams P. Mariage tsigane: une cérémonie de Þ nançailles chez les Rom de Paris. Paris: L’Harmattan/Selaf, 1984.
31. Yoors Y. The Gypsies. Illinois: Waveland, 1987.
32. Bobu N. Book about Rroms. Common Law – a Legal Peace Process. Cluj-Napoca: Dacia, 2002.
33. Boretzky N. Die Vlach-Dialekte des Romani. Wiesbaden: Harassowitz, 2003.
34. Cotton, R. An anthropologist looks at Gypsyology// Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, 1955, Ser. 3, Vol. 34, 1, P. 20–37.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the custom of swadding of babies at the Northern Caucasus and its role from the point of view of cultural anthropology and psychology. The author of the article describes the composition of a child’s cradle and its specifi c features in different ethnic groups living in the Northern Caucasus as well as rituals of putting a baby into a cradle. The article analyzes the pagan roots of these rituals and their transformation in modern socio-cultural practices under the infl uence of Islam.

Keywords: cultural studies, cultural anthropology, psychology, Northern Caucasus, socio-cultural practice, ritualism, swadding, diaper determinism, cradle, infl uence of Islam.

References:
1. Akkieva S. I. Simvolicheskie funktsii prazdnikov narodov KBR // Sbornik nauchnykh statey Instituta
sotsial'nykh issledovaniy IngGU / Otv. red. Sampiev I. M. Nazran', 2009.
2. Albogachieva M. S.-G. Ingushi v XX veke: etnograficheskie aspekty religioznykh praktik // Severnyy Kavkaz:
Traditsionnoe sel'skoe obshchestvo — sotsial'nye roli, obshchestvennoe mnenie, vlastnye otnosheniya: Sbornik
statey / Otv. red. S. A. Shtarkov. SPb., 2007.
3. Akhriev Ch. Zametki ob ingushakh // Sbornik svedeniy o Terskoy oblasti. Vyp. 1. B. m., 1878.
4. Bolurova A. Stupeni detstva (iz narodnykh obychaev karachaevtsev) // Vostochnaya kollektsiya. 2008. № 3(34).
5. Botashev M. D. Ustanovlenie iskusstvennogo rodstva pri obryadakh detskogo tsikla u karachaevtsev // Karachaevtsy
i balkartsy: yazyk, etnografiya, arkheologiya, fol'klor. M., 2001.
6. Mambetov G. Kh. Traditsionnaya kul'tura kabardintsev i balkartsev. Nal'chik, 2002.
7. Mid M. Kul'tura i mir detstva. M., 1998.
8. Musaeva M. K. Detskaya lyul'ka v traditsionnom bytu narodov Dagestana (kul'turnye konfiguratsii) //
Traditsii narodov Kavkaza v menyayushchemsya mire: preemstvennost' i razryvy v sotsiokul'turnykh praktikakh:
Sbornik statey k 100-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya Leonida Ivanovicha Lavrova. SPb., 2010.
9. Smirnova Ya. S. Sem'ya i semeynyy byt nakanune ustanovleniya Sovetskoy vlasti // Kul'tura i byt nardov
Severnogo Kavkaza (1917–1967 gg.) / Pod red. V. K. Gardanova. M., 1968.
10. Khukhlaeva O. E. Etnopedagogika: sotsializatsiya detey i podrostkov v traditsionnoy kul'ture: Uchebnoe
posobie. M., 2008.
11. Chechentsy / Sost. S.-Kh. M. Nunuev. M., 2008.
12. Khasbulatova Z. I. Vospitanie detey u chechentsev: obychai i traditsii (XIX – nachalo XX v.). M., 2007..
13. Erikson E. Detstvo i obshchestvo. M., 2000. S. 181.
14. Yakovlev N. Ingushi. Populyarnyy ocherk // Ingushi: Sbornik statey i ocherkov po istorii i kul'ture
ingushskogo naroda / Sost. A. Kh. Tankiev. Saratov, 1996.

References (transliteration):
1. Akkieva S. I. Simvolicheskie funktsii prazdnikov narodov KBR // Sbornik nauchnykh statey Instituta
sotsial'nykh issledovaniy IngGU / Otv. red. Sampiev I. M. Nazran', 2009.
2. Albogachieva M. S.-G. Ingushi v XX veke: etnograficheskie aspekty religioznykh praktik // Severnyy Kavkaz:
Traditsionnoe sel'skoe obshchestvo — sotsial'nye roli, obshchestvennoe mnenie, vlastnye otnosheniya: Sbornik
statey / Otv. red. S. A. Shtarkov. SPb., 2007.
3. Akhriev Ch. Zametki ob ingushakh // Sbornik svedeniy o Terskoy oblasti. Vyp. 1. B. m., 1878.
4. Bolurova A. Stupeni detstva (iz narodnykh obychaev karachaevtsev) // Vostochnaya kollektsiya. 2008. № 3(34).
5. Botashev M. D. Ustanovlenie iskusstvennogo rodstva pri obryadakh detskogo tsikla u karachaevtsev // Karachaevtsy
i balkartsy: yazyk, etnografiya, arkheologiya, fol'klor. M., 2001.
6. Mambetov G. Kh. Traditsionnaya kul'tura kabardintsev i balkartsev. Nal'chik, 2002.
7. Mid M. Kul'tura i mir detstva. M., 1998.
8. Musaeva M. K. Detskaya lyul'ka v traditsionnom bytu narodov Dagestana (kul'turnye konfiguratsii) //
Traditsii narodov Kavkaza v menyayushchemsya mire: preemstvennost' i razryvy v sotsiokul'turnykh praktikakh:
Sbornik statey k 100-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya Leonida Ivanovicha Lavrova. SPb., 2010.
9. Smirnova Ya. S. Sem'ya i semeynyy byt nakanune ustanovleniya Sovetskoy vlasti // Kul'tura i byt nardov
Severnogo Kavkaza (1917–1967 gg.) / Pod red. V. K. Gardanova. M., 1968.
10. Khukhlaeva O. E. Etnopedagogika: sotsializatsiya detey i podrostkov v traditsionnoy kul'ture: Uchebnoe
posobie. M., 2008.
11. Chechentsy / Sost. S.-Kh. M. Nunuev. M., 2008.
12. Khasbulatova Z. I. Vospitanie detey u chechentsev: obychai i traditsii (XIX – nachalo XX v.). M., 2007..
13. Erikson E. Detstvo i obshchestvo. M., 2000. S. 181.
14. Yakovlev N. Ingushi. Populyarnyy ocherk // Ingushi: Sbornik statey i ocherkov po istorii i kul'ture
ingushskogo naroda / Sost. A. Kh. Tankiev. Saratov, 1996.

Abstract: The article casts light on the major results of a so far short experience of the festival of audio visual anthropology called The Ethnographic Cinema Days, as well as the tasks it solves. The world science has accumulated plenty of audio visual methodological and theoretical materials which is actively used in teaching and researching. However, visual anthropology performs an auxiliary function, at its best, in the Russian academic environment. It prompted in 2009 the Russian Institute of Cultural Studies to come forward with an initiative to arrange an annual cinematographic festival of audio visual anthropology The Ethnographic Cinema Days aimed at solving important tasks in theory and practice.

Keywords: cultural studies, anthropology, ethnology, audio visual methods, visual anthropology, festival, audio visual technologies, documentation, memory, cinema.

References:
1. Chistyakova V. O. Obzor festivalya «Dni etnograficheskogo kino» (28 sentyabrya – 3 oktyabrya 2009 g., Moskva,
Rossiyskiy institut kul'turologii) // Antropologicheskiy forum. 2010. № 12(online).
Rezhim dostupa: [http://anthropologie.kunstkamera.ru/07/12online/] (v soavt. s A. G. Vasil'evym).
2. Chistyakova V. O. Dni etnograficheskogo kino. 25 sentyabrya – 2 oktyabrya 2010 g., Moskva // Voprosy kul'turologii.
2010. № 8.

References (transliteration):
1. Chistyakova V. O. Obzor festivalya «Dni etnograficheskogo kino» (28 sentyabrya – 3 oktyabrya 2009 g., Moskva,
Rossiyskiy institut kul'turologii) // Antropologicheskiy forum. 2010. № 12(online).
Rezhim dostupa: [http://anthropologie.kunstkamera.ru/07/12online/] (v soavt. s A. G. Vasil'evym).
2. Chistyakova V. O. Dni etnograficheskogo kino. 25 sentyabrya – 2 oktyabrya 2010 g., Moskva // Voprosy kul'turologii.
2010. № 8.