Abstract: The subject of research in this article is the regulations and theoretical ideas about compensation for harm caused to a citizen’s health as a result of adverse environmental impacts. The purpose of the study is to create doctrinal conditions and develop proposals for the development of civil legislation aimed at ensuring compensation for harm caused by damage to health in the environmental sphere. As a result of the study, it was proved that in order to ensure real compensability of harm to health in the environmental sphere, the presumption of environmental danger of certain types of economic activity should be accompanied by the legal establishment of an irrefutable presumption of the origin of physical harm from adverse environmental impacts, based on available knowledge about the causes and symptoms of environmentally caused diseases (medical criterion), whether the victim belongs to a risk group based on living or working in the contaminated area (legal criterion). However, the author does not limit himself to justifying the need to introduce this presumption, but proposes a set of measures for the accompanying development of legislation. It is noted that the irrefutable presumption of the origin of physical harm from adverse environmental impacts must be accompanied by the establishment of an obligation of business entities to create conditions for the implementation of non-tort forms of compensation, alternative to insurance compensation within the framework of liability insurance. In this capacity, agreements on the distribution of risks can act, the terms of which provide for the creation of a quasi-insurance public benefit fund, payments from which will repay obligations to victims in an amount that allows taking into account the loss of ability to do paid work, the need for outside care, etc.

Keywords: tortious obligations, compensation mechanism, risk sharing, compensation for harm, adverse environmental impact, environmental damage, tortious liability, harm to health, alternative compensation mechanisms, victim

References:
Vasilyeva, M. I. (2017). Legal problems of compensation for harm to the health of citizens caused by environmental offenses. Judge, 9, 15-21.
Knyazkin, A. D. (2011). Determination of the volume and size of environmental harm caused to the health of a citizen in the Russian Federation. Kazan Science, 1, 261-262.
Sluchevskaya, Y. A. (2020). Environmental harm: the problem of definition and assessment. Society and Law, 4(74), 19-23.
Krasnova, S. A. (2023). Compensation for environmental damage: a view through the prism of tort law. Economy and Law, 5, 97-109. doi:10.18572/0134-2398-2023-5-97-109
Pozdnyakova, P. V. (2023). Problematic issues of compensation for environmental damage: comments on the margins of the Review of judicial practice of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. Law, 10, 25-38. doi:10.37239/0869-4400-2023-20-10-25-38
Boltanova, E. S., & Kratenko, M. V. (2022). Environmental risk, environmental harm and

Abstract: The article examines the legal, organizational foundations and a number of topical problems of insignificant transactions in Russian legislation with an indication of the origins of these norms in ancient Roman jurisprudence. The subject of the study is the problems caused by the recognition of transactions as insignificant in modern Russia. The object of the study is the legal provisions of civil law that carry out the legal regulation of void transactions. The purpose of the work is to form proposals that contribute to their leveling by identifying and analyzing the actual problems of the insignificance of transactions. The methods used are dialectical-materialistic, historical, a system of empirical research methods (analogy, modeling) and special methods (formal-logical, system-analytical), etc. The author examines in detail the signs of void transactions, the problems of recognizing the nullity of the transaction; the subject of which is property, with respect to the disposal of which there is an imperative prohibition, restriction.
Particular attention is paid to the problems of the insignificance of the part of the transaction. The main conclusions of this study are the following: it is justified to bring into compliance with Article 12 of the Civil Code and the legal position of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation (Resolution of the Plenum of June 23, 2015 No. 25) with respect to the method of protecting civil rights ("application of the consequences of the invalidity of an insignificant transaction"); to formulate Article 169 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation in a new edition reflecting the concept of "public interest". A special contribution of the author to the study of the topic is the proposal to specify Article 180 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation in terms of indicating exceptions to the general rule of invalidation of part of the transaction. The results of the article can be used in improving civil legislation, in law enforcement, in further scientific research. Conclusions: despite the improvement of the norms of civil law, the massive nature of the recognition of transactions as void indicates significant problems, as insignificant transactions in general, as well as parts of these transactions (in practical and scientific-theoretical contexts), requiring optimal solutions.

Keywords: nullity of a part of a transaction, void transaction, classification of invalid transactions, part of an invalid transaction, invalid transaction, part of a transaction, transaction, public interest, civil law, prohibition

References:
Egurnov, A. I. (2020). Insignificant and disputed transactions. Young scientist, 35(325), 113-115. Retrieved from https://moluch.ru/archive/325/73357
Gaboev, B.H. (2010). Problems of classification of invalidity of a transaction and differentiation of invalid transactions into void and disputed. Business in law, 3, 71-73.
Khvostov, V. M. (2019). System of Roman Law. Moscow: Yurayt Publishing House.
Chistyakov, O. I., & Martysovich, I. D. (2012). History of state and law. Moscow: MSU. Retrieved from https://topuch.com/moskovskij
Anokhin, S.A. (2021). Insignificant transactions and their features. Bulletin of Economic Security, 4, 60-62.
Em, V. S. (2014). Consequences of invalidity of transactions. Bulletin of Civil Law, 6, 147-148.
Federal Law No. 100-FZ of May 7, 2013 "On Amendments to Subsections 4 and 5 of Section I of Part One and Article 1153 of Part Three of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation

Abstract: The subject of this article is the consideration of the seizure of property as a measure applied by the authorized body to ensure the fulfillment of the debtor's civil obligations. The purpose of the research is to study the legal institution of property seizure as a measure to ensure the fulfillment of the debtor's obligations, to identify legal problems in the law enforcement of this instrument, and to propose ways to resolve them. To achieve this goal, the author analyzes the normative legal acts of the Russian Federation regulating the procedure for the application of seizure, explores the legal essence of seizure in civil law relations, identifies the signs of arrest and the differences between arrest and the prohibition of registration actions, considers the legal problems arising from its application.
In the research, the author uses such methods as analysis, synthesis, deduction and comparison. The relevance of the article lies in the fact that the use of arrest as a measure to ensure the fulfillment of the debtor's obligations entails restrictions in the exercise of property rights. The unjustified application of property seizure that does not belong to the debtor, creates legal difficulties for a bona fide acquirer in the exercise of property rights, which entails an appeal to the court for the protection of the violated right. Despite the widespread use of seizure as a measure aimed at ensuring the fulfillment of the debtor's obligations, there is no legal concept of this type of security in the legislation of the Russian Federation. The consequence of this circumstance is the application under the guise of seizure of other measures related to the limitation of the of property rights, entailing the incorrect application of the norms of substantive and procedural law.
Based on the results of the study, the author forms the doctrinal concept of seizure as a measure to ensure the fulfillment of obligations and makes proposals to protect the rights of bona fide property owners.

Keywords: debtor, recoverer, deal, bailiff, registration actions, inventory, turnover, a bona fide acquirer, property, arrest

References:
Iskandirov, V.B. (2020). The historical aspect of the development and formation of the seizure of property as a coercive measure in Russia. Bulletin of the South Ural State University, series Law, 38, 35-39.
Yusupov, T.B. (2006). Securing a claim in arbitration and civil proceedings. Moscow: Gorodets, 224. [Electronic resource]: Access from the reference. – legal system Consultant plus.
Kudryavtseva, V.P. (2022). Changes in enforcement proceedings: achievements or challenges? Arbitration and Civil Procedure, 8, 44-46; Novelties of enforcement proceedings introduced by Federal Law No. 417–FZ of December 21, 2021: Law enforcement without a law enforcer-a critical view. Arbitration and Civil procedure, 4. [Electronic resource]: Access from help. – the legal system Consultant plus.
Grinenko, A.V. & Ivanov, D.A. (2019). Topical issues of securing a civil claim through the seizure of property: Russian and foreign experience. Inter