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Abstract: The subject of this study is the punctuation rules for compound sentences as presented in two sources: the 1956 “Rules of Russian Orthography and Punctuation” and the “Complete Academic Handbook” edited by V. V. Lopatin. The objective is to examine the different approaches to presenting punctuation rules for compound sentences in these two sources, as well as their impact on user comprehension and practical application. The author carefully explores aspects such as the grouping of all punctuation rules, the terminology used in formulating rules, the structure and presentation of rules for compound sentences, (non)correspondence between examples and rules, consistency within each source, and completeness in accounting for exceptions and complex cases. Special attention is given to the differences in how each source represents rules for complex cases, the explanatory methods for examples, and their influence on the precision of rule application for users. The methodology of this study includes a comparative analysis of the punctuation rules for compound sentences found in these two sources, focusing on rule structure and formulation, terminology, and example correspondence. The scientific novelty lies in the comparative analysis of the formulations and systematization of punctuation rules for compound sentences across two key reference sources, the 1956 Rules and the Complete Academic Handbook (PAS), each representing different stages in the development of Russian written language norms. This study reveals shifts in rule presentation and codification principles and identifies the challenges users face when interpreting norms from each source. The study’s findings indicate that PAS offers a more flexible, detailed system with scientific commentary, simplifying understanding and application of rules in modern contexts.

Keywords: semicolon, comma, grouping, terminology, rule formulation, compound sentences, punctuation marks, punctuation rules, dash, conjunctions

Author's view

Reference:

Maskinskova I.A., Akimova T.I. The comedy "Oh, time!" by Catherine II: author's strategies and tactics // Litera. 2024. № 11. P. 15-27. DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2024.11.72001 EDN: CKXWBK URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=72001

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Abstract: The ways of Catherine II's influence on the reader, stated through the prism of the author's strategies and tactics that characterize the consciousness of the writer and her focus on forming the model of Enlightenment based on gallant discourse is the subject of the article. The play "Oh, time!", being the first "noble" comedy, becomes the ideological message of the empress addressed to her subjects in order to introduce them to the Enlightenment. Comedy sets the parameters of what to pay attention to, what vices are condemned and how to perceive the reign of Catherine II. The communicative approach, expressed in the study of the author's interaction with the reader, is complemented by a comparative historical, cultural-historical and a method of holistic analysis of the work of art. The research methodology is based on the work of V. V. Sipovsky, P. N. Berkov, Y. Stennik, O. B. Lebedeva, A. Evstratov, Carrer d'Encausse E., K. Sharfa O. I. Eliseeva. The novelty of the research is determined by a new approach to the study of the comedy of Catherine II, which consists in a systematization of author's strategies and tactics, the consideration of which allows us to imagine the regulation of the domestic literary process of the second half of the XVIII century, to see the features of Catherine's Enlightenment, as well as to trace the birth of the author's own thinking, departing from the previous rhetorical system. During the study, three author's strategies were identified: ridiculing the vices of the older generation, supporting the younger generation and approving the model of Catherine's Enlightenment, each of which is implemented through three author's tactics: using speaking surnames within the framework of a traditional comedy of manners, pointing out the discrepancy between words and deeds, condemning domestic tyranny, introducing helper characters, liberation from Domostroi model of behavior, the need for young girls to understand their hearts, ridicule of the previous unenlightened rule, approval of the model of gallant behavior in the family-state, mythologization of their own rule. This not only characterizes the author's consciousness as enlightening, but allows to isolate the image that the writer wants to assert in the perceiving consciousness of the viewer and present the formation of the comedy genre "from within" as the interaction of the author and the reader.

Keywords: Catherine II, The play, a dramatic work, author, the actors, plot, the final, writer, The Russian Empress, comedy

Automatic language processing

Reference:

Liu M., Shao Q., Xie G. Multi-Agent Approach to Political Discourse Translation: From Large Language Models to MAGIC-PTF System // Litera. 2024. № 11. P. 28-46. DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2024.11.72197 EDN: GFRZMO URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=72197

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Abstract: This research addresses the automated translation of Chinese political discourse into Russian utilizing Large Language Model (LLM) optimization technologies and a multi-agent approach. The study focuses on developing the MAGIC-PTF system, which implements multi-stage text processing through the interaction of four specialized agents. The system's key component is the Style Agent, which ensures stylistic uniformity and terminological accuracy based on a specifically trained LLM. The Translator Agent performs the primary translation work and is responsible for the final text formatting. The Editor Agent conducts multi-level verification and correction of translations, considering linguistic, semantic, and cultural aspects. The Reader Agent analyzes the text from the target audience's perspective, evaluating its reception by native Russian speakers. The methodology integrates LLM optimization technologies and a multi-agent approach, with experimental testing conducted on the fourth volume of "Xi Jinping: The Governance of China" and its official Russian translation. The study includes a comprehensive analysis of system effectiveness using the COMET metric and comparative testing with existing machine translation platforms. The research's scientific novelty lies in developing a methodology for applying LLMs to specialized translation tasks and creating an effective coordination mechanism for intelligent agents in the translation process. Experimental research demonstrated MAGIC-PTF's superiority over traditional machine translation systems in key parameters: terminological accuracy, stylistic consistency, and preservation of culture-specific elements in political discourse. The developed system opens new possibilities for automated translation of political discourse and can be adapted for translating other specialized text types, confirming its significance for modern translation technology development. Of particular value is the system's scalability and adaptability to various language pairs and discourse types, creating prospects for further development in automated specialized text translation. The research findings also contribute to advancing the theory and practice of LLM application in professional translation.

Keywords: Chinese-Russian Translation, Machine Translation, Cross-cultural Communication, Specialized Translation, Automated Translation, Intelligent Agents, LLM Optimization Technologies, Large Language Models, Multi-Agent Approach, Political Discourse

Journalism

Reference:

ZHAO Q. Comparative analysis of the image of a Chinese migrant in the Chinese mainland media and the media of Chinese emigration // Litera. 2024. № 11. P. 47-64. DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2024.11.72043 EDN: GLJIJH URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=72043

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Abstract: The research presents a comparative analysis of the image of a Chinese migrant in the mainland Chinese media and the media of Chinese emigration. The research is based on the study of the content of publications such as The People's Daily and Xinhua on the one hand, and emigrant media, including The World Journal and The Epoch Times, on the other. The aim of the study is to identify differences and similarities in the representation of Chinese migrants, as well as to assess the influence of the political and cultural context on the formation of their image. In the Chinese mainland media, migrants are often presented as successful and patriotic representatives of the nation, keeping in touch with their homeland, which corresponds to China's "soft power" strategy. The expatriate opposition media is also biased in shaping the image of the Chinese migrant, often labeling migration as political rather than economic. The object of the study is the materials of the Chinese mainland and migrant media on the issues of Chinese emigration in the period 2023-2024. The subject of the study is the image of a Chinese migrant in the Chinese media. The methodology of this study includes content analysis and quantitative analysis of Chinese news media texts. As a result of the conducted research, the main similarities and significant differences in the representation of Chinese migrants in mainland Chinese media and emigrant media were revealed. The image of a migrant in the Chinese mainland media is formed within the framework of state propaganda, with an emphasis on patriotism and the preservation of cultural ties with the Motherland. Migrants are portrayed as successful representatives of the Chinese nation, keeping in touch with China and promoting its interests abroad. This reflects China's state policy of strengthening "soft power" and supporting the diaspora for economic and cultural influence in the international arena. The expatriate opposition media are also biased in shaping the image of the Chinese migrant, often labeling migration as political rather than economic. On the other hand, independent expatriate media such as the World Journal reflect more diverse and often critical points of view, highlighting the problems of migrant integration, discrimination and the complexities of life in another country. Independence from the Chinese authorities allows these media to focus on practical issues, avoiding political bias.

Keywords: immigration issues, Chinese society, Immigration wave, Political Propaganda, Soft Power, Emigrant Media, Diaspora, Chinese Media, Chinese Migration, political factors

Linguistics

Reference:

Yang T. Types of conjunction usage // Litera. 2024. № 11. P. 65-74. DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2024.11.72223 EDN: GYDCXK URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=72223

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Abstract: This article is devoted to subordinating conjunctions, in particular conditional and causal conjunctions, which have two semantic valences – the valence of condition or cause and the valence of effect. These conjunctions can be used in two types of sentences: in sentences where both valences of conjunctions are expressed explicitly, and in sentences where one of the valences is not expressed. At the same time, the content of the valence can be information related to different levels of the semantics of the sentence – to the propositional and to the pragmatic levels. The propositional level is formed by information about the situation called by the sentence, and the pragmatic level consists of meanings reflecting various aspects of the speech situation. The pragmatic level, in particular, includes such semantic components as illocutionary, epistemic and metatextual. Thus, the subject of the study is the types of conjunctions usage, distinguished depending on how their valences are expressed and what their content is. When describing the constructions, we used the method that is applied to the analysis of linguistic units expressing various subjective meanings. This method consists in explicating the features of the speech situation related to the use of a given language unit (the speaker's evaluation of the denoted situation, information about it or his/her own utterance) and taking them into account when characterizing its meaning. The novelty of this study lies in the systematic approach to the analysis of subordinating conjunctions, which is based on the identification and classification of their usage depending on the level of semantic relations. Thus, in sentences with subordinating conjunctions (especially conditional and causal conjunctions) the valences of conjunctions differ in the way of expression and the level of semantics. This allows us to distinguish four types of conjunctions usage: propositional, illocutionary, epistemic and metatextual.

Keywords: incomplete sentences, asymmetric proposals, valence content, propositional usage of a conjunction, illocutionary usage of a conjunction, metatextual usage of a conjunction, epistemic usage of a conjunction, elliptical sentences, semantic valency, subordinating conjunctions

Translation

Reference:

Moralova L.V., Abaeva E.S. Translation of catch phrases in an audiovisual text // Litera. 2024. № 11. P. 75-85. DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2024.11.71252 EDN: HUJWRE URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=71252

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Abstract: The article discusses the problem of interlinguistic and intercultural transfer of winged words (catch phrases) in an audiovisual text of the Soviet period. The source of the material is the Russian motion picture "Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears" and its translation into English (subtitling), the material is 34 winged words (catch phrases) which were selected with verification based on Internet sources. The purpose of the research is to study the methods/techniques of transferring catch phrases in audiovisual translation (subtitling) from Russian into English, as well as to analyze the results obtained from the point of view of preserving the characteristics inherent in catch phrases and preserving the national cultural component. The main methods are the method of continuous sampling, the method of comparative analysis, the method of contextual analysis, etc. The direction of the translation (Russian-English translation) and the approach chosen by the authors indicate the novelty of the research. Having analyzed the translation of catch phrases, the authors made observations regarding the methods/techniques used which contributed to conveying meaning and complying with the norms of audiovisual translation, as well as to the conclusions that a partial loss of cultural information may occur during translation and that in a situation where a film subsequently becomes a precedent text, postediting may be required, as the conditions of how the text/part of the text functions in the linguoculture of the original language change. The results may be of interest to specialists in the field of audiovisual translation, as well as to philologists, linguists, and to ordinary readers who are interested in translation studies and/or cinematography.

Keywords: national-cultural specifics, Soviet films, motion pictures, contextual analysis, comparative analysis, subtitling, winged words (catch phrases), Russian-English translation, audiovisual translation, precedent texts

Linguistics

Reference:

Samsonova E.M. Multiple meaning as a kind of iterative repetition in the Yakut language // Litera. 2024. № 11. P. 86-96. DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2024.11.72281 EDN: JCDSPQ URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=72281

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Abstract: The purpose of the article is to determine the semantic structure and features of the functioning of the means of expressing the proper multiple meaning as one of the subtypes of iterative repetition in the Yakut language. The object of the study is the semantics of an accurate or inaccurate quantitative account of situations. The subject of study is the so-called circumstances of multiplicity or counting complex. Based on the material of the Yakut language, the author, following I. B. Dolinina, adheres to the proposed terminology and suggests considering such cases of repeatability as an independent particular meaning of the iterative type of multiplicity. The main attention in identifying the semantic varieties of this meaning is paid to the use of such quantification features as certainty/uncertainty of the amount of repeatability and its limitation/unlimited. Depending on the correlation of these signs and the intensity of their manifestation, a list of representatives for each of them is determined. The main research method is functional–semantic, which uses the approach "from semantics to its formal expression" when describing linguistic material. Textual examples in the Yakut language are given using the method of morphemic glossing. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the systematization of the means of expression and the allocation of varieties of the actual multiple meaning, which had not previously become the subject of special research in Yakut linguistics. During the analysis of the functioning of adverbs with the semantics of multiplicity or counting, the methods of formation of representatives characteristic of each of the three subtypes of the actual multiple meaning (affixal, by reduplication and combination with the countable element "togul") were established. As an additional conclusion, we can cite the revealed dependence of the definition of the value in question on the temporal form of the predicate (statements with circumstances of multiplicity with a predicate in the form of the present-future and imperfect acquire habitual semantics). The theoretical significance of the results of this study is determined by the contribution to the study of the functional and semantic category of the aspectuality of the Yakut language, and may also be of interest for comparative and typological work in this field. Their practical significance is related to the possibility of their application in lexicographic and translation practice.

Keywords: adverb, circumstances of multiplicity, multiple value, account of situations, iteration, multiplicity, quantitative aspectuality, functional and semantic method, the Yakut language, numerals

Literary criticism

Reference:

Xu C. The children's poetic story about the travels of foreigners in the USSR in the 1920s and 1940s. // Litera. 2024. № 11. P. 97-106. DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2024.11.72279 EDN: KTKNGJ URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=72279

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Abstract: The main purpose of the study is to analyze the genre originality of the Russian (Soviet) children's poetic story of the 1920s-1940s about the travels of foreigners in the USSR, to identify the didactic significance of these works. The article is based on the works of L. Lesnoy, P. Yakovlev, L. Zilov and S. Marshak. There are two types of poetic stories about the journey of foreigners: pilgrimage trips of disadvantaged children from oppressed countries / curious Western children, as well as trips of wealthy Westerners to the USSR. The general genre features of this type of works are analyzed, including information content, specific chronotope, descriptions of the road, the environment, etc. In addition, the unique features of these works are considered: the use of elements of other genres (fairy tales, adventures, travel), an emphasis on solving ideological and semantic tasks. In this work, the topics of internationalism, unity of peoples, racial discrimination, as well as problems related to Soviet ideology, norms of behavior and universal morality are updated. The scientific novelty of the work lies in a comprehensive approach to both classical and little-studied material, including works by forgotten or lesser-known poets. Among the research methods used in this work, several key approaches are distinguished: comparative, hermeneutical, comparative typological and immanent analysis. With the help of various artistic techniques, such as contrast, detailing, the use of emotionally colored vocabulary, metaphors, repetitions, epithets, the motif of a dream, genre elements of a riddle, a shifter, etc., the complex physical and spiritual path of the characters to the ideal is reproduced, the image of oppressed countries and their inhabitants, as well as the image of ordinary Soviet people and cranks are created-rich people from the West, a wide range of Soviet realities is reflected through a detached look. As a result of the research, it is revealed that the poetic story about the travels of foreigners in the USSR of the 1920s and 1940s has a unique didactic significance: it is not only entertaining and informative for young readers, but also contributes to the creation of a positive understanding of Soviet reality and ideological foundations.

Keywords: didacticism, dream motif, cranks, journey, image of oppressed countries, adventure, Soviet ideology, travels of foreigners, poetic story, Russian children's literature

Communication

Reference:

Dugalich N.M. French Medical Poster as a Genre of Medical Discourse // Litera. 2024. № 11. P. 107-116. DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2024.11.71277 EDN: LJFQXE URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=71277

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Abstract: A medical poster is a polycode text of medical discourse, the main purpose of which is to inform the participant in the medical discourse, first of all, the patient, about the existence, characteristic features, peculiarities of the course, solution and consequences of any medical problem. The object of the study is the polycode text of a French medical poster; the subject of the study is genre features of a medical poster in French, considered at the level of thematic diversity, repeating verbal and visual tools, and features of the use of paralinguistic means. The article is a fragment of a study of several genres of medical discourse, which are represented by polycode texts (medical poster, meme, demotivator, advertising), made on the material of Russian, French and Arabic languages. The analysis of the polycode text of a medical poster in French was carried out on 100 texts in French obtained by continuous sampling from the Internet. The novelty of the study is the appeal to the medical poster from the point of view of genre characteristics in the context of medical discourse. The analysis of French medical posters revealed the frequency of posters about cancer symptoms, diagnosis, types of treatment, and prevention; prevention and treatment of Covid-19. A feature of the verbal level is the choice of communicative strategy and its grammatical design in relation to child and adult recipients; inclusion of current vocabulary in the text, including neologisms, as well as preference for repeating a certain structure when organizing the verbal component of a polycode text. At the visual level, French medical posters are characterized by the frequent use of pictures and diagrams and work with color. The basis for constructing a polycode text of a medical poster is the complementary connection between the visual and verbal components.

Keywords: iconic component, verbal component, theme of a medical poster, medical poster, analysis of polycode text, polycode text, genres of medical discourse, medical discourse, paragrapheme means, French language

Linguistics

Reference:

Xu S. «Grammar deviations » as a leading principle of Vladimir Kucheryavkin’s poetics and the «oriental» picture of the world in his work // Litera. 2024. № 11. P. 117-128. DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2024.11.72314 EDN: LLGEJY URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=72314

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Abstract: The subject of the study are the poems of Vladimir Ivanovich Kucheryavkin. V. I. Kucheryavkin (1948) has been writing poems since 1970s, since 1980s he published in samizdat periodicals. Since 1994, several of his books have been published, mostly poetry collections ("Dance of the Dead Leg" 1994, "Tripod" 2001, "Into the Open Window" 2011, "To Yanzhou a Thousand Li" 2018 and others). The poems created from the 1990s to the 2010s were selected as the material for the study. The article considers representative artistic techniques of V. I. Kucheryavkin, i.e. - agrammatism. The so-called method of «slow reading» of the text, that in our case implies the linguistic evaluation, is are used. Methodologically, the author relies primarily on the works of Lyudmila I. Zubova. The novelty of the work is connected first of all with the that the work of the outstanding modern poet has been studied less than it deserves. As one of the main principles of his poetics, the article discusses «grammatical liberties», which were mentioned in criticism, but never became the object of any detailed and systematising description. Two types of grammatical "mistakes" in Kucheryavkin's texts are shown: shifting the ways of expressing animate and inanimate (i.e. the accusative case used instead of the genitive case indicates a shift from inanimate to animate, and the reverse situations, when the animate is grammatically formatted as inanimate) and the destruction of the hierarchy of objects, phenomena and actions — a hierarchy usually reflected in the structure of an utterance. Grammatical features (along with tropes and other techniques) participate in the formation of a special picture of the world, in which we find features similar to the image of the world in Eastern religious and philosophical systems.

Keywords: Confucianism, an artistic image of the world, phrase structure, animateness, grammatical deviations, linguistic aspects of poetics, Russian poetry, Vladimir Kucheryavkin, Buddhism, Chinese philosophy

Linguistics

Reference:

Sobyanina V.A. What do people laugh about on the Internet? Linguistic and linguacultural analysis of humor // Litera. 2024. № 11. P. 129-139. DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2024.11.72449 EDN: LXDFKG URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=72449

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Abstract: The aim of the work: to identify the linguistic and linguacultural features of the actualization of the comic effect using the example of German-language and Russian-language material on the Internet. The subject of the study is the linguistic and linguacultural features of humor, presented primarily on the material of memes, jokes and some other genres available on the Internet. Knowledge of the linguacultural specifics of humor helps to implement successful intercultural communication and avoid communication errors. Material, methods, methodology of the research: examples of actualization of humor on various German-language Internet sites and Internet platforms with the addition of individual examples from the Russian language were selected as the research material. Semantic analysis and the method of identifying the meaning of words in a specific context (contextual analysis) were used as the main research methods. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that, using the material of the German and Russian languages, an insufficiently studied topic of actualization of various types of humorous effect on the Internet is analyzed, primarily through memes and jokes, as well as in various humorous television shows, its linguistic and linguacultural features are revealed in various types of discourse - political, advertising, social. Conclusions: The study of humor on the Internet is of great research interest, as it helps to understand humor, to identify not only its linguistic features, but also some features of the mentality and culture of the country, which must be taken into account in intercultural communication in order to avoid stereotypes and not make communicative mistakes. Scope of application of the material: speech practice when working with students studying German, when teaching courses in lexicology and stylistics, when preparing a special course on the topic “Linguistic and linguacultural specifics of humor on the Internet.”

Keywords: language tools, ethnostereotype, joke, meme, official vocabulary, linguacultural features, humorous effect, category of comic, hyperbole, metaphor

Journalism

Reference:

Barabanova N.M., Akhmatshina E.K., Gurushkin P.Y., Yutin L. Algeria's political system and Media sphere: challenges and prospects in the era of digitalization // Litera. 2024. № 11. P. 140-149. DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2024.11.72486 EDN: MMVMAA URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=72486

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Abstract: This study examines the features and interrelationships of the political system and the media sphere of Algeria in the context of digitalization. The article analyzes the influence of the unique historical and cultural context, the strategic geopolitical position and the evolution of the semi-presidential republic on the formation of the media system, its role in maintaining national identity and the mechanisms of regulating the information space. Special attention is paid to the institutional aspects of the functioning of the Algerian media in the context of their interaction with government agencies and public processes. The research focuses on the role of media in shaping the political agenda, the impact of public policy on the development of the media sector, as well as on the challenges associated with globalization, digital transformation and the expansion of the social media space. The work offers a comprehensive analysis of the current changes in the Algerian media ecosystem and their impact on political stability, civil society and the adaptation of traditional values in a rapidly changing digital world. The research methodology is based on an interdisciplinary approach that combines elements of political science, media studies and cultural studies. The main methods are: system analysis, comparative analysis and analysis of secondary data. For the first time, the study provides a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between the Algerian political system and the functioning of its media sphere, taking into account the historical stages of its formation, modern challenges and the impact of globalization processes. The key mechanisms of the impact of public policy on the development of the media sector, including legal, economic and social aspects, have been identified, which made it possible to reveal the specifics of regulating the media space. An in-depth analysis of the digital transformation of the Algerian media space has been conducted, focusing on the role of social networks and online media in strengthening civil society, as well as problems related to the restriction of freedom of information. Based on the data obtained, recommendations are formulated on reforming the media system to adapt it to the conditions of globalization and digitalization, aimed at strengthening democratic institutions and increasing the effectiveness of interaction between the state, society and the media.

Keywords: censorship, social network, media communications, the media sphere, media environment, media, the political system, Algeria, digitalization, communications

Journalism

Reference:

Akhmatshina E.K., Nikonov S.B., Kozlova E.N., Gromova L.P. The history of the appearance and specifics of the development of comics in Arab countries // Litera. 2024. № 11. P. 150-162. DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2024.11.72484 EDN: MVODKR URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=72484

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Abstract: Comics as a kind of creolized text can quite often be a marker of an era. The reflection of a particular historical period can manifest itself in a creolized text either explicitly or more covertly. For example, it may be a cartoon pointing to corruption in a particular country and thereby demonstrating a specific problem. Along with this, the researcher can pay attention to such details as the language of the text written on a poster or in an advertisement, which can say a lot about the course of the policy pursued by the authorities within the state. Thus, comics in particular are of great interest to the history of journalism, since, along with other types of creolized text, they are both literally and figuratively an illustration of a particular period. The object of the study is comics published in Arab countries in the second half of the XX – early XXI centuries; The subject of the study is the reflection of the socio-political processes of that time in comics. To achieve the set goals and objectives, the following methods of scientific research are used in the work: the method of analysis, the method of synthesis, the method of induction, the method of generalization. In the course of the conducted research, it was found out that the history of Arabic-language comics originates in the late 1940s in Egypt – this country has long been the main center of comic book creation and only eventually shared this role with Lebanon.Comics as a genre and comics as an extremely important source for historians have not lost their relevance. Moreover, as a plastic mass, it is ready and has all the possibilities to exist in the realities of today, when the speed of modern technologies is prohibitive. There are a huge variety of platforms for both publishing and reading comics. Various gadget apps and social networks help authors find their audience. Artificial intelligence, in relation to which a large amount of both fears and hopes have already been expressed, certainly also does not stand aside and will participate in the creation of comics.

Keywords: Comics, Media, Arab media, Creativity, mass media space, information space, text visualization, international journalism, Creolized text, Journalism

Journalism

Reference:

Koftun V.V., Gegelova N.S. Preservation of the national and cultural identity of the Buryats and the role of the media in reflecting these processes // Litera. 2024. № 11. P. 163-175. DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2024.11.72171 EDN: QLRDIK URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=72171

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Abstract: The subject of the study is the coverage in the Russian federal and regional media of issues of preserving the national and cultural identity of the Buryat people, including the role of shamanism and cultural traditions in this process. The object of the study is media resources that raise the topic of Buryat identity, including the magazines "Baigal" and "Morin Khuur", as well as news publications for 2020-2024. The author examines in detail such aspects of the topic as the role of shamanism in the cultural revival of the Buryats and its functions in society, as well as the importance of genealogical knowledge for the social structure of the Buryat people based on the views of the Japanese Mongolologist I. Shimamura. The theoretical basis was the ideas of Russian and Western scientists about values and civilizational confrontation. Particular attention is paid to interdisciplinary analysis, including philosophical, social and cultural aspects, and a comparison of ways to consider the topic at the federal and regional levels. The research methodology includes a comparative analysis of federal and regional media on the topic of Buryat identity, as well as a content analysis of publications for 2020-2024. The scientific novelty of this study lies in the consideration of shamanism as a cultural phenomenon and a tool in restoring the identity of the Buryats. The original element of the work is the proof of the need for knowledge of genealogy for Buryat society and its dominant role in preserving ethnic identity. For the first time, the article compares two levels of media, which helps to understand what accents different media make on preserving the culture and traditions of the Buryats. The novelty of the research is manifested in the analysis of that part of the Russian media agenda, which was previously rarely covered in the context of Buryat identity in Mongolia. As a result, such features of the presentation of this topic in the media were revealed, as an emphasis on the integrating role of shamanism in the Buryat community and its importance for interaction with other peoples.

Keywords: Agin-Buryats, Aga-Buryats, genealogy, shamanism, media, national and cultural identity, Buryats, rituals, multipolarity, civilizational confrontation

Journalism

Reference:

Chernova A.N., Kulakova D.V. Assessing the influence of business media in St. Petersburg on public perception of gender relations in the context of legal values // Litera. 2024. № 11. P. 176-183. DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2024.11.72189 EDN: QLWDGN URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=72189

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Abstract: Modern society is characterized by active transformations in the field of gender relations, which is reflected in various social institutions, including the media. The object of the study is the influence of business media on public opinion and perception of gender issues. Subject of the study: value guidelines in articles on gender issues. In this context, the question of how the business media of St. Petersburg influence the public understanding of gender relations in the context of key legal values, such as equality and justice, is of particular relevance. Objective of the study: using a comprehensive content analysis, including qualitative and quantitative research, to determine the place of articles on gender issues in the materials of the regional business journal "Delovoy Peterburg". Using the content analysis method, a qualitative study was conducted and primary data on the representation of women in the regional business publication in 2023-2024 were presented. The results obtained indicate that gender issues are gradually entering the information agenda; we can talk about the phenomenon of editorial gender policy. Content analysis of publications of the business publication Delovoy Peterburg showed that the number of articles written by women and men is balanced. However, analysis of expert opinions presented in the publications showed a significant preponderance of comments by men over women (72 versus 22). This “imbalance” of expert opinions can contribute to the preservation of gender stereotypes and limitation of career opportunities for women. Analysis of article headlines on gender topics revealed the presence of certain gender stereotypes and emphasis on gender inequality, which hinders the formation of a culture of gender literacy. In the future, attention to the topic of gender equality on the part of business media has the potential to transform gender stereotypes.

Keywords: gender inequality, gender stereotypes, public opinion, justice, equality, St. Petersburg media, business media, values, gender issues, gender

Journalism

Reference:

Prokhorova E.N. Specifics of creation of native advertising in foreign online publications (based on publications of online-edition Popsugar Family) // Litera. 2024. № 11. P. 184-198. DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2024.11.72211 EDN: QJFQHD URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=72211

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Abstract: This paper is devoted to the study of the features of native advertising texts in foreign segment. Considering that the experience of creating native advertising texts in foreign online publications is greater than in Russia, the subject of the study in this article was the materials published in the online publication POPSUGAR.Family in 2022. The article is based on the method of content analysis of native advertising texts published in the online publication POPSUGAR.Family. The author also uses methods of description, comparison and generalization, combined with the analysis of theoretical materials, which allows to establish the methods of creating native advertising texts used in the English-speaking segment. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the analysis of the features of working with this direction in foreign media, which in the future will help editors to build work with this type of content in domestic online publications more effectively. The results of the study show that text native advertising often meets the needs of the target audience of the media and is published in accordance with the current information agenda. The uniqueness of the information is expressed in the expert's commentary, appeal to research or personal experience of the author. It is also important to note that commercial integration can also make the text unique. Native advertising is designed like editorial materials, and the style of presentation is close to the editorial canon. Unlike advertising in Russian-language online publications, foreign media point out the advantages and disadvantages of native advertising to create controversy in the text, and brands can be integrated into a topic that is not directly related to them, which can potentially have a positive effect on attracting a new segment of consumers.

Keywords: author's style, text, media space, online publications, content, media, native advertising, audience, news occasion, integration

Communication

Reference:

Gurushkin P.Y. Digital communications in the "e-commerce" segment // Litera. 2024. № 11. P. 199-211. DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2024.11.72073 EDN: QMMFDP URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=72073

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Abstract: The article analyzes the role and importance of digital communications in the e-commerce segment in Russia. The main object of the research is the current trends and digital marketing tools used by online stores to increase customer loyalty and engagement. The study highlights the importance of personalizing interaction with the audience through social media, email marketing, SEO, native advertising and other ways of digital and convergent interaction. Special attention is paid to the impact of mobile technologies on the growth of the e-commerce market. The work also focuses on the prospects for further development of digital communications in the face of growing competition and constant changes in the needs of the audience. First of all, the research is focused on the specifics of the Russian digital communications market, but taking into account the experience and practice of foreign companies and audiences. Based on the analysis of secondary data, statistical indicators are considered, such as the growth of the e-commerce market in Russia, the share of online orders via mobile devices, as well as data on consumer behavior based on research conducted by Online Market Intelligence, Romir and others. The scientific novelty of this study lies in a detailed analysis of modern digital communication methods used in the Russian segment of e-commerce, taking into account the influence of mobile technologies and the specifics of the Russian market. The study shows the uniqueness of digital strategies adapted for the Russian consumer, including an emphasis on personalization, content marketing and the use of platforms such as VKontakte and Telegram, which has become especially important in the conditions of unavailability of some international services. The main conclusions of the article emphasize the importance of using digital tools such as SEO, email marketing and SMM to retain and attract customers. The effectiveness of digital strategies is ensured through a personalized approach that allows online stores not only to increase consumer loyalty, but also to strengthen the brand in the face of growing competition.

Keywords: Personalization, SMM, Customer loyalty, Social networks, The digital Economy, SEO, E-commerce, Media communications, Digital communications, Native advertising

Communication

Reference:

Prokhorova E.N. Approaches to creating native advertising texts in modern media (based on publications of the online media «No, that’s normal») // Litera. 2024. № 11. P. 212-227. DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2024.11.69432 EDN: QNYMJU URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=69432

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Abstract: The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of creating native advertising texts in the Russian-language segment of online publications. Since in existing Russian-language studies and works devoted to native advertising there are no specific criteria for creating high-quality text with advertising integration, and native advertising itself has long become an important part of the content of modern media, there is a need to analyze existing approaches and prepare a list of aspects that will help editors prepare high-quality materials that solve several problems at once: both editorial and commercial. The first important criterion is the selection of a relevant topic, the relevance of which may be related to seasonal requests or informational occasions. The second criterion is the uniqueness and novelty of the information, which can be achieved through the involvement of experts, the experience of the authors, or the presence of advertising integration, since often the advertised product or service can become an unexpected solution to the audience’s request. An important part is the position of the author, which is an effective tool for attracting an audience in the modern media space, but in the Russian-speaking segment this method is used quite rarely, which reduces the value of materials in the eyes of the audience. The third criterion is the stylistic correspondence of native advertising texts to the editorial policy of the media. There is a liberalization of journalistic style, widespread use of jargon, anglicisms and vernaculars, which is motivated by an attempt to become closer to the target audience and speak the same language with it. The last – fourth – criterion is related to visual design, which must also comply with editorial canons.

Keywords: integration, journalistic style, visual, text, media space, online publications, media, native advertising, audience, informational occasion

Communication

Reference:

Morozova G.V., Yakupov B.I., Gavrilov A.R. The effectiveness of election information support as a factor in raising awareness of Russian youth about the voting procedure // Litera. 2024. № 11. P. 228-236. DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2024.11.72365 EDN: QOGXQC URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=72365

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Abstract: The object of the study is the awareness of the youth segment of the electorate about the voting procedure in the elections of the State Duma and the President of the Russian Federation. The subject of the study is the impact of election information support on the level of awareness of the youth segment of the Russian electorate about the voting procedure and date. The authors' attention to youth is due to its socio-demographic characteristics, which mark a transitional period of development, lack of life experience and being at the stage of civic formation. The authors of the article consider raising awareness of young citizens about elections as a result of work on informing about the upcoming elections, creating conditions for equal access of this population group to sources of information about the electoral process. Special attention is paid to the connection between youth awareness of the elections and information campaigns conducted in the run-up to the elections. The main research method was a comparative analysis of the results of the information work of the CEC of the Russian Federation with various segments of the electorate represented by VTSIOM for the period from 2016 to 2024. The analysis was carried out according to such parameters as the level of awareness of the youth segment of the electorate about the election procedure and the date of voting. The article presents the results of measuring the effectiveness of information support for the electorate during election campaigns in the Russian Federation, identifies and argues the degree of awareness of its youth segment about the main components of the voting procedure in elections for the period 2016-2024. The main conclusion was the revealed dependence of the level of awareness of young people about the procedure of elections of authorities on the age factor. Between the two age groups compared, the work on information support of the electoral process most effectively affects the age group of 25 - to 34–year-old respondents, rather than the youth aged 18-24. The data obtained allowed us to conclude that more careful work is needed when preparing publications for the youth segment of the electorate. It is necessary to take into account not only the interests, needs, and problems in the social development of each age group of young people, but also the nature of their perception of content and its presentation forms.

Keywords: voting procedure, election awareness, youth, youth electorate, voter information, election information support, the effectiveness of informing voters, election campaign, elections, electoral process

Communication

Reference:

Morozova G.V., Nikitina T.I., Nikitin A.A., Yakupov B.I. The specifics of media consumption of political information by students: a regional aspect (based on the results of a sociological study) // Litera. 2024. № 11. P. 237-246. DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2024.11.72382 EDN: QOXUPC URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=72382

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Abstract: The article presents the results of a sociological study conducted by a survey in the period from March 2022 to March 2024 by the Department of Public Relations and Applied Political Science of Kazan Federal University in order to identify the level of student interest in politics, youth preferences regarding the choice of sources of political news in the QMS, including in the media, and trust in them. Thus, based on the purpose of the study, its object is the student youth, and the subject is the specifics of the media consumption of political information by the student youth. The data obtained from the study of students' requests for the consumption of political content, its impact on the attitude of young students to politics and the institution of elections in the context of digitalization of everyday media practices are described. The methodological basis of the research was based on the analysis of media consumption by young people, as well as the level of interest in political information, its sources, and forms of presentation in social networks. The empirical base is the data from a survey of KFU students in the period from March 2022 to March 2024. The increasing influence of media systems, digital industries and technologies on all processes taking place in society has actualized the problem of optimizing interaction in the communication space in all its segments, including in the field of politics, in the processes of legitimization of power. The formation of a model of interaction between the younger generation and the government, its communication with the political elite and public administration institutions is particularly difficult. This problem is connected, on the one hand, with the high integration of young people into the digital environment, the mediatized format of socialization, and the growing multi-level demand of the younger generation for social media. On the other hand, the difficulty of establishing communication between young citizens and the authorities is due to their certain detachment from the world of politics. The results obtained indicate a low level of interest among young people in it, which is largely situational in nature, usually associated with some major events. In general, a rather low social and political activity of the new generation has been revealed, which is also recorded by numerous other researchers, since there is undoubtedly a potential interest of the younger generation in politics.

Keywords: life values, media consumption, media sources, sources of political information, political participation, electoral institute, media behavior, media content, youth, political activity

Translation

Reference:

Liu S. Linguistic and Cultural Untranslatability of Translating Russian Folktales Into Chinese From the Perspective of Translation Hermeneutics // Litera. 2024. № 11. P. 247-263. DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2024.11.71426 EDN: QRMRKX URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=71426

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Abstract: Russian folk tales are of great cultural and literary value. Language used in these stories often performs specific aesthetic and didactic functions, while fictional character created in these works have become a part of the national culture, which distinguishes Russian folktales from other texts. However, this also makes it difficult to translate such stories into foreign languages, in particular, Chinese, main cause of which lays in the problem of untranslatability. The object of this study is Russian folktales in Russian-Chinese translation combination, the subject is the cases of untranslatability in translating Russian fairytales into Chinese. Methods of description, comparison and categorization are used in this research. While translating “The Magic Swan Geese”, “The Realms of Copper, Silver and Gold” and “Father Frost” into Chinese, author of this study divides the showed untranslatability into four categories – phonological and stylistic untranslatability, lexical and grammatical untranslatability, cultural untranslatability of precedent words and cultural untranslatability of abstract concepts – and suggests specific solutions to improve the translation text in each situation. Firstly, it’s important to preserve the plot and distinctive characters instead of the form of source language or the rhythm of the original text. Secondly, when translating such foreign culture-loaded words as Baba-Yaga, the Magic swan geese or Father Frost, translator should understand the main characteristics of these images or personas in the Russian cultural context. Simple transcription is inappropriate. Last but not least, the translation work is also positively influenced by extra-linguistic factors, such as the friendly exchange between countries. In conclusion, the purpose of translating Russian folktales into Chinese is not to completely overcome the problem of untranslatability, but to better understand the meaning of the original text and reproduce it for the Chinese readers.

Keywords: translation studies, translator's choices, Russian folktales, Russian-Chinese translation, linguistic untranslatability, cultural untranslatability, untranslatability, hermeneutics of translation, understanding, literary translation

Translation

Reference:

Avagyan A.A. Special Features of Tourism Text Translation from Russian into English // Litera. 2024. № 11. P. 264-274. DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2024.11.71526 EDN: QSDMES URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=71526

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Abstract: The active development of international tourism contributes to a steady increase in demand for high-quality translation of tourist texts explaining the importance of research on the common problems of their translation into foreign languages. The research subject is the specific features of translating tourist texts from Russian into English. The research objective is to identify the key features of tourist text translation. The article examines the stylistic features of tourism discourse texts which are the most difficult for translation from Russian into English. A definition of the international tourism discourse is given, popular types of tourist texts are listed, and common ways of translating these texts into English are pointed out: creative translation, descriptive translation and translation by searching for functional analogues. The author used the methods of generalization, content analysis, systematization of data from recent studies on this topic and comparative analysis of Russian and English tourist texts. The research novelty lies in the systematization of the works of Russian linguists devoted to the problems of translating tourist texts and in the proposed ways to eliminate possible mistakes. The key problems of translating tourist texts include underestimation of translation in tourism and translation by non-specialists often using machine translation, mistakes in translating terminology, ignoring the genre of the source text and insufficient adaptation of the translation text to the target audience of another culture. It is proposed to create new Russian-English and English-Russian dictionaries of tourist terms, train translators in special courses for translating tourist texts, providing them with knowledge of key concepts in tourism at least in their native language and experience in translating these concepts into a foreign language, and teach students majoring in linguistics to translate tourist texts. It is noted that translation methods and strategies depend on the text genre.

Keywords: linguocultural peculiarities, target audience, adaptation of the translated text, terminology of tourism, English language, Russian language, translation, tourism discourse, tourist texts, means of expressiveness

Translation

Reference:

Serezhin G.A. Difficulties in translating youth slang from English into Russian // Litera. 2024. № 11. P. 275-286. DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2024.11.69467 EDN: QVCOIH URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=69467

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Abstract: This paper discusses youth slang in the English language. The subject of the study is a number of difficulties in adapting and translating youth slang into Russian. The research material was based on slang units from the film «8 Mile», which are most often found on the Internet. For a complete analysis and understanding of the phenomenon being studied our own definition of the concept of «slang» is presented and the main difficulties of translation are highlighted. The functions of youth slang are regulated by standards. They, unlike a literary language, do not have a written encoding and live in the minds of native speakers. For a comprehensive and detailed description theoretical research methods and a comparison method were used. The selection of material was carried out using the continuous sampling method. This article aims to show different definitions of slang, an attempt is made to give our own definition of the concept of slang and to highlight the main problems that can mislead a novice translator when translating such lexical units. The novelty and significance of this paper are due to the complexity of the correct transmission of American youth slang, which is one of the most interesting language systems of modern linguistics. The following works that formed the basis of this scientific research should be mentioned. The theoretical basis of this article is the research of E. Partridge, I. R. Galperin, V. A. Khomyakov, I. V. Arnold. They managed to find a theoretical basis for the concept of slang. In the practical part, methods for describing slang units were used: comparative analysis, generalization, induction, continuous sampling. The research material was based on slang units from the Curtis Hanson film «8 Mile» with Eminem in the title role.

Keywords: transformation, translation methods, translation adequacy, equivalence, text, speech, culture, translation problems, the English language, youth slang

Linguoculturology

Reference:

Yi Z., Mikova S.S. The concept of "alcohol" in A. S. Pushkin's novel "The Stationmaster" // Litera. 2024. № 11. P. 287-299. DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2024.11.71575 EDN: QVJLVE URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=71575

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Abstract: The phenomena of reality, which are reflected in literature, acquire a new meaning from the point of view of studying the picture of the world. In this regard, the individual representations of writers, which are objectified through artistic images, become the object of scientific interest. The relevance of this study is related to the fact that the concept of "Alcohol" is an important fragment of the Russian national picture of the world. The research material is also characterized by relevance due to the importance of A.S. Pushkin's work in Russian linguistic culture. The subject of the study is the linguistic and cultural features of the conceptualization of alcohol consumption in the Russian language and linguoculture. The object of this research is the concept of "alcohol" in A. S. Pushkin's novella "The Stationmaster" due to its importance in the writer's work at the everyday and philosophical level. The authors used methods that made it possible to determine the content and structure of the concept of "alcohol" in the story "The Stationmaster". The sampling method was used to select lexical units reflecting the consumption of alcoholic beverages. The cultural analysis of the concept was used to determine the universal characteristics of the concept. The analysis of individual conceptualization was used to determine the poet's worldview and his vision of the concept of "alcohol". The novelty of the research is due to the fact that to date no research has been conducted on the lexical sphere of "alcohol" in the works of A. S. Pushkin. As a result, it was found that the conceptualization of the process of drinking alcoholic beverages forms artistic images and situations unique to the Russian people. The work also reveals the content of the concept of "alcohol" within the framework of the story "The Stationmaster": the reason for the consumption of alcoholic beverages; designation of beverage containers; names of alcoholic beverages; places of alcohol consumption; description of the state of a person intoxicated. At the same time, the philosophical and everyday aspects of the concept under consideration are noted in order to determine its place and role in the story. Peripheral zones of the concept are established, each of which expresses the semantics of life and death.

Keywords: linguaculture, worldview, structure, culture, linguistics, conceptual analysis, concept “alcohol”, Stationmaster, Pushkin, literature

Linguoculturology

Reference:

Bralnin D.O. The value-conceptual component of the linguistic and cultural type "classic writer" (based on the material of the student survey) // Litera. 2024. № 11. P. 300-308. DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2024.11.69504 EDN: QWWAPB URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=69504

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Abstract: The linguistic and cultural type as one of the key concepts of linguistic personology and cultural linguistics has been studied by philologists for decades. The well-established structure of its description, highlighted by V. I. Karasik, allows researchers to fully represent types based on conceptual, figurative and value components. The linguistic and cultural type of the "classic writer" is not fully described in the scientific literature today, but there is a need to understand its functioning in the era of the advent of the Internet. Dictionary definitions, where the classic appears as the author of unsurpassed works, are currently insufficient to comprehend a wide range of classical literature and its creators. In order to conceptualize the features of the linguistic and cultural type of "classic writer", a survey was conducted, the participants of which were first-year students, most of whom had recently studied classical Russian and foreign literature at school. The research methods in the work are conceptual analysis, online questioning of first-year students of various fields to fix the key characteristics of the linguistic and cultural type, associative experiment, quantitative and statistical analysis. The scientific novelty of the study consists in describing the linguistic and cultural type of the "classic writer" that has not yet been fully studied and presenting its value-conceptual component based on student questionnaires. Conclusions: 1. The composition of classical literature in the perception of the modern generation largely coincides with previous surveys, which is due to the inclusion of these works in the school curriculum. 2. The conceptual component of the linguistic and cultural type "classic writer" in student questionnaires is often supplemented with value content, which makes it possible to identify the value-conceptual component of the type. 3. Traditional concepts close to the classic writer, such as "outstanding", "famous", "founder" and others in similar formulations, do not lose their relevance and remain the most frequent associations. According to the survey data, the ten most popular characteristics of the linguistic and cultural type include only two conceptual features (intelligent and gifted), the remaining eight form a value component.

Keywords: the value-conceptual component, the value component, the conceptual component, classical literature, the classic writer, linguistic personology, cultural linguistics, linguistic and cultural type, supermoral values, the survey

Linguoculturology

Reference:

Demianova P.I. Linguistic inclusivity in the context of the Ecuadorian national version of the Spanish language // Litera. 2024. № 11. P. 309-317. DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2024.11.72253 EDN: QWXEXZ URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=72253

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Abstract: The object of this study is linguistic inclusivity in the Ecuadorian national version of the Spanish language. The subject of the study is the language practices used in the Republic of Ecuador, aimed at creating a greater level of gender inclusivity. The paper examines the influence of a number of sociolinguistic factors on language policy, as well as methods of adapting the local national version of the Spanish language, taking into account the requirements of different social groups. Special attention is paid to the study of existing forms of gender-inclusive language, such as the use of neutral endings and neologisms, as well as their perception and dissemination by the local population. In order to achieve the highest possible level of objectivity, a sociological survey was conducted within the framework of the study, which made it possible to identify differences between men and women in understanding and using an inclusive language. The following research methods were used: a sociological survey, the purpose of which was to collect data on the perception of gender inclusivity in the language among different groups of the Ecuadorian population; quantitative and qualitative methods that made it possible to interpret respondents' opinions about the importance and prevalence of inclusive language in the daily life of Ecuadorians. The results of the study clearly demonstrate the importance of the dissemination of gender-inclusive language in Ecuador due to its role in the process of achieving social equality. The novelty of the work is the sociolinguistic analysis of linguistic inclusivity in Ecuadorian Spanish. The conducted survey of the local population of the Republic showed significant differences in attitudes towards inclusive language between men and women. This fact indicates that the policy of establishing maximum inclusivity in society at the moment has not led to the complete elimination of gender inequality. Thus, the need to continue work on the introduction of gender-neutral forms in the educational environment and everyday communication is emphasized, which will contribute not only to the establishment of gender equality, but also to strengthening social solidarity in Ecuadorian society.

Keywords: Social integration, Language policy, Ecuadorian Spanish, Inclusive vocabulary, Gender-neutral language, Sociolinguistics, Ecuador, Gender equality, Linguistic inclusivity, Language transformation

Literary criticism

Reference:

Anisimova O.V., Makarova I. The image of Ship in English Romantic poetry: Reinterpreting Coleridge’s ‘Rime of the Ancient Mariner’ and Shelleу’s ‘Vision of the Sea’ // Litera. 2024. № 11. P. 318-326. DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2024.11.72205 EDN: QXIPPO URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=72205

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Abstract: The image of Ship, along with the images of World Tree and Rosa Mundi, is rightly considered one of the three most popular topoi of Western European art, starting from ancient times up to now. The mythopoeic image of Ship, rooted in Sumero-Akkadian mythology, eventually developed its own image field, the key elements of which are widely represented in various works of art. In Romanticism, Ship received its artistic embodiment in two main directions: as a symbol of man challenging nature, and as a symbol of human soul's odyssey through the waves of fate, the image of Flying Dutchman, which took shape in European folklore in the epoch of Great Geographical Discoveries. The subject of this research is to study the interpretation of the image of Ship in English Romantic literature based on the texts of its two key representatives - Coleridge's "Rime of the Ancient Mariner" and Shelley's "Vision of the Sea". During the research, such methods as comparative analysis, literary, and historical and cultural methods were used. The scientific novelty of work consists in the attempt to consider the features of the artistic evolution of the mythopoeic image of Ship in the poetry of English Romanticism on the example of texts by its key representatives through the prism of socio-cultural transformation of the image over centuries. Thus, "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" demonstrates the tragic voyage of the ship whose crew is doomed to eternal torment. In turn, in "Vision of the Sea", the image of a strong human spirit is revealed, embodied in the ship entering into unequal battle with nature. In future, both trends will find their reflection in the works of art contributing to the development of the image field of Ship, the interpretation proposed by Coleridge being dominant.

Keywords: English poets, Flying Dutchman, interpretation, image field, Shelley, Coleridge, Romanticism, literature, poetry, image

Literary criticism

Reference:

Kuzemina I.V. The toponymic space of A. Bely's novel "The Moscow Crank" // Litera. 2024. № 11. P. 327-334. DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2024.11.72157 EDN: QXSOVI URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=72157

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Abstract: The purpose of the article is to identify the features of the toponymic space of A. Bely's novel "The Moscow Crank". The subject of the study is a toponym as a nomination of a geographical object. The following methods were used in the research process: continuous sampling, field research, quantitative analysis, semantic analysis, functional analysis, contextual analysis. The result of this work is the compilation of classifications of toponyms included in the toponymic space of the novel "The Moscow Crank", based on the frequency of their use, the degree of reality / occasionality, semantics and the designated object. The field of application of the research results is fundamental and applied research in the field of philology. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time the structure of the toponymic space of A. Bely's novel "The Moscow Crank" is highlighted, and a comprehensive analysis of all toponyms used by the writer is carried out. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time the structure of the toponymic space of A. Bely's novel "The Moscow Crank" is highlighted, and a comprehensive analysis of all toponyms used by the writer is carried out. As a result of the work done, it was concluded that the core of the toponymic space of the novel is the toponym Moscow, which unites around itself numerous urbanonyms associated with this city and toponyms of various types, opposed to the core of the toponymy of the work. The results obtained can be used both in further research on the analysis of Moscow microtoponymy and macrotoponymy, and for the general analysis of the onomastic and, in particular, the toponymic system of the Russian language. The results of this study also reveal the peculiarities of the influence of extralinguistic factors, in particular, cultural and socio-political factors on the development and change of both the form and semantics of geographical names.

Keywords: toponymic space, the author's chronotope, artistic literature, onomastic space, toponymy, geographical name, toponym, proper name, A. White, philology

Linguistics

Reference:

Starodumova E.A., Luk'yanova V.V. Features of the functioning of the union combination "a to eshe" (more) // Litera. 2024. № 11. P. 335-345. DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2024.11.71582 EDN: QYBOHD URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=71582

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Abstract: This article is a fragment of the general theme "The particle is still in stable combinations." The subject of the study is the union combination "or else" (more) in Russian language, not recorded in lexicographic sources, but quite common in modern speech, as evidenced by the data of the National Corpus of the Russian Language (NKRR). In terms of syntagmatic activity, it is still significantly superior to other particles. There are many official formations that include the particle "more", in particular combinations with unions. Such combinations have varying degrees of stability – from free combinations to phraseologized formations that function as an integral union. The latter case is represented, for example, by a union "and even" in an aggravating sense. The main research method is the traditional descriptive one, which includes the following techniques: observation, generalization and systematization of linguistic phenomena. In addition, the method of contextual analysis was used in the work, as well as a corpus method of collecting research material. As a result of the analysis of the linguistic material (more than 1,300 uses from the NKRJ), it was found that the conjunction "and that" (more) in the studied combination is used in two main meanings – alternative motivation and separative (mutual exclusion). The multivalued particle "also" has two meanings in these combinations: the undesirability of the assumed, possible, corresponding to an alternative motivation, and the value of the addition corresponding to the separation. In the two highlighted values of the union combination, "or else" each component performs a specific function. In the first meaning, which can be schematically represented as "and that + more", the conjunction and that expresses the meaning of alternative motivation, and the particle emphasizes this meaning and introduces an emotional coloring. In the second meaning, we can talk about a stable combination of something else, where something else has a separating value, and the particle still expresses the value of addition. The results obtained can be used in lexicographic practice – when compiling a dictionary of service words.

Keywords: addition, mutual exclusion, separation, alternative motivation, conjunction combination, particle, conjunction, gradation, meaning, recipient

Linguistics

Reference:

Lastochkina E.G. Phraseological units with a meteonym component in the Mari language // Litera. 2024. № 11. P. 346-358. DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2024.11.72099 EDN: QYJFIP URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=72099

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Abstract: The article describes phraseological units with a meteonym component in the Mari language. The groups of meteorological vocabulary are considered, which are further investigated at the phraseological level. To characterize phraseological units with a meteonym component in the modern Mari language. The main material for the study was meteorological vocabulary in phraseological units. The result of the research is the study of meteorological names at the phraseological level. The relevance of this research is related to the study of meteorological vocabulary in the modern Mari language, the identification of the peculiarities of the linguistic picture of the world of the people as a whole and its influence on vocabulary. By meteorological names we mean nouns that denote various states of nature, such as weather changes (precipitation, wind, temperature, etc.) and natural phenomena (fire, water, steam, etc.). The study used general scientific methods – description and generalization, as well as elements of semantic, linguistic and cultural analyses. In our research, for the first time, an attempt is made to comprehensively study meteorological vocabulary in semantic and linguocultural aspects. The results obtained in the study can be used in the preparation of textbooks on the practical course of the Mari language, when reading theoretical courses in linguistics, lexicology, stylistics, linguoculturology. It is concluded that there is a predominant number of negative phraseological units of the meteonym component in the Mari language. With negative or positive phraseological units with meteorological names, the characteristics of a person's character are shown, and with neutral phraseological units only the state of nature. The largest group is represented by phraseological units denoting the characteristics of a person or his actions. The significant predominance of phraseological units denoting the characteristics of a person or his actions indicates a close connection between the human world and the weather world, as a result of which there is the same metaphorical transfer of the meaning and image of a phraseological unit with a hydrometeor component to a person and his actions.

Keywords: weather, rating scale, component, phraseological unit, phraseological unit, meteonym, linguistic picture of the world, meteorological vocabulary, Mari language, metaphor

Intertextuality

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Bozorova D.T. Intertextual frames: features and types of intertextual frames (on the material of fictional texts) // Litera. 2024. № 11. P. 359-374. DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2024.11.72100 EDN: RFIRZE URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=72100

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Abstract: Since its initial conceptualisation, the term 'intertextuality' has been the subject of considerable discussion and analysis. However, there are several aspects of intertextuality that have yet to be extensively examined. This study is devoted to the examination of intertextual frames, which represent a significant yet understudied area within the field of intertextuality. The focus of this research is an investigation into the distinctive characteristics of intertextual frames, conducted through a frame analysis of literary works. The principal objective of this study is to provide substantiation for the characteristics of intertextual frames and their diverse manifestations. The dearth of research on this topic not only underscores its significance but also constrains the number of studies that can serve as a foundation for further investigation. This paper draws upon the study conducted by M. E. Panagiotidou as a primary source. It is important to note, however, that the methodology employed in this study differs significantly from that used in the seminal study. Moreover, this study can be divided into two distinct parts: theoretical and practical. In addition to the theoretical information pertaining to the utilisation of the term, the paper presents an analysis of the potential intertextual frames that may exist for the Russian poet S. A. Yesenin's poem, 'A Letter to Sister'. This study diverges from existing research in that it investigates the potential for intertextual frames to emerge between a native speaker and a non-native language user. Furthermore, the originality of the study is underscored by an investigation of the diverse attributes that shape the formation of intertextual frames. The findings have implications for a multitude of academic disciplines, including linguistics, comparative linguistics, translation studies, text linguistics, and cognitive linguistics. It is anticipated that this study will pave the way for further research on this topic.

Keywords: reader, frame analysis of the poem, background knowledge, features of intertextual frames, bidimensionality, intertextual link, intertextual frames, intertextual knowledge, types of intertextual frames, texture

Author's view

Reference:

Makarchuk I.Y. On the question of the main cultural philosophical idea of A. I. Solzhenitsyn's epic «The Red Wheel» // Litera. 2024. № 11. P. 375-387. DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2024.11.69410 EDN: RKPMUV URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=69410

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Abstract: The article examines the main cultural and philosophical idea of the work as a phenomenon that translates in a concentrated form the main line of thought of the writer, as well as the philosophical and cultural essence that the writer laid down and implemented in the corresponding work. The subject of the study is the epic of A.I. Solzhenitsyn "The Red Wheel", the purpose of the study is to construct the main cultural philosophical idea of the work in question. The author focuses on the theoretical and applied significance of the search for cultural and philosophical ideas embedded in "iconic" literary and artistic works. This kind of search not only contributes to the enrichment of the "knowledge" potential of the theory and history of culture, but also can become the basis for the formation of state cultural policy, for example, in the field of education, patriotic education, interethnic communication. At the same time, the search for cultural and philosophical ideas should be based on modern methodological approaches and take into account the context of current socio-cultural realities. The research used general scientific methods (analysis and synthesis, generalization, induction and deduction, logical and historical approaches), as well as methods traditionally used in cultural philosophical research: cultural analysis and the method of cultural philosophical tradition. In the article, the author states that the ten–volume epic "The Red Wheel" is the main literary work of A. I. Solzhenitsyn, which accumulated the rest of his works to an appropriate extent and is dedicated to the Russian revolution and the fate of Russia in a difficult period of its history. In this work, the writer addressed the "eternal" social problems through the prism of history, culture and philosophy.

Keywords: cultural philosophy, the idea of God, Russian idea, Russia, revolution, main idea of the work, Red Wheel, epic, Solzhenitsyn, socio-cultural development

Linguistics

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Komarova K.I. Correlation of short and full forms of adjectives in the modern Slovenian literary language in journalistic texts (based on the materials of the Gigafida 2.0 corpus) // Litera. 2024. № 11. P. 388-396. DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2024.11.72174 EDN: RSCFOP URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=72174

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Abstract: The article discusses the use of short and full forms of adjectives in the modern literary Slovene language. Both forms of adjectives serve in the Slovenian language to express the category of certainty and uncertainty, which goes back to the common Slavic opposition of short and full forms. In modern research on Slovenistics, special attention is paid to the question of the similarity of the functions of a certain article in Western European languages and a certain form of an adjective in the Slovenian language. In our study, we decided to analyze the cases of the use of short and full forms of adjectives in the Slovenian language using the example of journalistic texts and compare the use of adjective forms with the use of articles in Western European languages. To do this, we turned to the corpus of the written standard Slovene language Gigafida 2.0 For random sampling analysis, we selected four pairs of adjectives: nov / novi, star /stari, mlad /mladi. We have considered all pairs of short and full adjectives in the nominative and accusative cases. We have selected 100 examples for each form of adjectives (1200 examples in total). As a result of our research, we came to the conclusion that the short and full forms of adjectives in the Slovenian language really correlate with indefinite and definite articles in Western European languages. To use the article correctly, it is necessary to understand the context. In Slovene, we see the same influence of context on the choice of adjective form in both nominative and accusative cases. Short forms are used in cases where we are talking about a "new" object that has not been mentioned before. The short form expresses the uncertainty of the subject, does not distinguish it from other similar subjects and emphasizes the insignificance of the feature. The full form of the adjective also serves as an indicator that the object is already familiar to the reader.

Keywords: context, category of definiteness, functions of adjectives, category of indefiniteness, public speaking articles, history of Slovenian language, article, Gigafida, forms of adjectives, Slovenian language

Phonetics

Reference:

Galinskaya E.A. Relative chronology in the language history // Litera. 2024. № 11. P. 397-407. DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2024.11.72257 EDN: RTIXRU URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=72257

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Abstract: One of the tasks of Slavic historical linguistics is to establish the relative chronology of the linguistic processes. For the Proto-Slavic language, this is practically the only way to identify the history of phonetic changes. It can be concluded that the qualitative differentiation of long and short vowels preceded the monophthongization of diphthongs, since otherwise the vowel [u] from *ou̯ would have coincided with *ū. There are, however, phonetic phenomena that date back to the written era, but due to the lack of reflection of the compared phenomena or the late reflection of one of them in the Old Russian writing, only a relative chronology can be established for them. This method determines that the closed [ô] of the Great Russian and South Ukrainian types arose in the early Old Russian period before the transformation of reduced vowels into full ones. The same method is used to chronologize some phonetic phenomena of the period of the separate existence of the East Slavic languages. For example, it is established that the change [ʧ’] into [ʃ’] in the western South Russian dialects occurred after the hardening of the old [ʃ’]; the hardening of consonants before [e] and [i] in Ukrainian is not an ancient process, since it took place after the secondary softening of consonants. And, finally, if we turn to morphology, we can state that the coincidence of the Nom. and Acc. Pl. in nouns denoting male persons occurred before the development of the category of animacy of these nouns. Thus, relative chronology turns out to be a necessary method not only in reconstructing the Proto-Slavic phonetic system in its dynamics, but also in determining the order of certain linguistic processes in the written period of the history of the East Slavic languages.

Keywords: accusative case, hardening of consonants, reduced vowels, akanye, Russian dialects, historical morphology, historical phonetics, Old Russian language, Proto-Slavic language, relative chronology

Wordplay

Reference:

Yaqiong Z. The structure of the artistic conflict in the story by L. Petrushevskaya "Time Night" // Litera. 2024. № 11. P. 408-416. DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2024.11.71775 EDN: RVSBWK URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=71775

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