Abstract: The article is dedicated to identifying the specifics of the functioning of proper names in the titles of films from the USA produced in 1920. The subject of the study includes structural, semantic, and functional features of proper names. The object of the study consists of English language onymic units. The material for the research is based on the list of films from American film companies in 1920, published on the electronic resource "List of American films of 1920." The research tasks are to identify the main types of bionyms and abionyms involved in creating film titles; to define and characterize the types of anthroponyms and toponyms; to reveal the structural and semantic features of male and female names, oikonyms, and godonyms; and to establish the specifics of the functioning of filmonyms involving onymic units. The authors examine in detail the reasons for the use of onymic units in film titles. Special attention is given to the functioning of familiar anthroponyms and toponyms for American film viewers, as well as precedent onymes in filmonyms. The theoretical basis of the research consists of the main provisions in the field of onomastics by A. V. Superanskaya and V. I. Suprun, which reveal the linguistic status of onymes and the criteria for their classification. The works of Yu. N. Podymova, V. E. Anisimov, and A. V. Zubareva were consulted to address the features of filmonyms. The study employs structural-semantic and functional analysis methods. For the first time, the material of the study consists of titles of US film productions from 1920; the novelty lies in revealing the specifics of the functioning and choice of proper names for creating filmonyms. The study found that film titles mainly feature onymes of American origin, as well as the use of the same names and structures, indicating the unstable nature of the process of forming filmonyms during that period. It was established that the most common names in filmonyms are familiar anthroponyms of that time such as Mary, Rose, Jimmy, Jack; and toponyms New York and Broadway. A dependence of the structural type of filmonyms on a certain type of onyme has been identified. It was determined that only anthroponyms are used in the form of word forms, while toponyms more often form phrases where they serve as definitions.

Abstract: The subject of the study is the historical changes in the syntactic structure of the German language; the object of the study is articles. The authors consider in detail the use of definite, indefinite and null articles based on the material of a fragment of the Gospel of Luke, which were published in various periods of the German language: the text of Tatiana, translated by Martin Luther, made in 1545; an adapted version of Luther's translation, published in 2017 and a lightweight electronic version created as a result of deviation from the canonical translation. Particular attention is paid to the frequency of use of articles, the reasons for the increase or decrease in their use, as well as other means of determination. It is established that modern electronic text shows a tendency to decrease nominal groups, which, accordingly, leads to a decrease in articles. The tendency to decrease the zero article is manifested by the early Upper German period; in modern German, there is a displacement of the definite article.  The methodological basis is based on a systematic approach to the interpretation of the phenomena of linguistic ontology in diachrony. The research methods are comparative historical analysis, the method of distributive analysis, quantitative analysis, methods of N. Chomsky's theory of control and binding. The main conclusions of the proposed study are the revealed historical processes in the system of articles of the German language. It was found that at an early stage of language development, the zero article dominated in texts, which significantly narrowed the manifestation of determination. The main burden during this period fell on possessive nominal groups, which primarily included proper names. The definite article was used much less frequently. In nominal groups that are part of the prepositional group, the zero article was mainly used, which eventually led to the creation of stable prepositional constructions with a zero article. The largest number of all types of articles falls on Luther's translation adapted to the modern grammatical structure of the German language, which is associated with the maximum use of nominal groups. What is new is the establishment in modern German of a tendency to reduce the zero and definite articles.

Abstract: The object of the study is the infinitive of the German language, and the subject is its semantic, structural and functional characteristics, which make it possible to interpret it as a verb form. The authors consider in detail such aspects as the specificity of the infinitive expression of the verbal categorical meaning, which brings it closer to the noun; structural division and microsystem of infinitive forms of the modern German language. Morphological features of the infinitive are considered through the prism of historical changes in the structure of the word in the German language. The authors pay special attention to the syntactic behavior of the infinitive. At the same time, the authors pay special attention to the multifunctionality of the infinitive, which is maximally identical to the nominal parts of speech. At the same time, the authors note the manifestation of the verb character of the infinitive in the ability to form a verb group. The methodological basis of the work is based on a systematic approach to the interpretation of linguistic phenomena in synchrony and diachrony. The theoretical basis of the research is the fundamental principles of general, comparative historical and Germanic linguistics. The comparative method and the method of distributive analysis were used to identify the functional potential of the infinitive and innovative phenomena. The main conclusions of the study are to identify the complexity of interpreting syncretic units to which the infinitive belongs. It was found that during the development of the German language, the infinitive gradually entered its verbal system, losing nominal grammatical features, such as the case paradigm. At the same time, the infinitive acquired verbal signs, as a temporary and collateral meaning. A special contribution of the author is the conclusion that the dual nature of the infinitive, which determines its peripheral position, is the basis for expanding its functional potential, which contributes to the participation of the infinitive in the formation of new grammatical structures/forms. The novelty of the study lies in the identification of such a function of the infinitive as participation in the formation of verb groups, where maximum proximity with the final verb is manifested.