Abstract: This article presents a retrospective analysis of psychological and pedagogical literature and archival data, considering the problem of formation of pedagogical testing in Russia and in the USA. The retrospective analysis made it possible to compare the obtained data and to reveal fundamental differences between the two scientific schools. The authors identified four main points of view regarding the emergence of the pedagogical test. The authors identified four main points of view regarding the emergence of the pedagogical test. These points of view are references to the studies of scientists and public figures of the late XIX century and show us that the idea of creating a pedagogical test did not arise by chance and after its implementation was positively accepted by society and specialists working in schools in England and the USA.
The second part of the article describes the synthesis of modern experience of pedagogical test creation, types of pedagogical tests, the main stages of their creation, criteria of development and requirements to task creation. The criteria and requirements to pedagogical test tasks reflect the fundamentally important points to which attention should be paid. The described materials are not only a historical reference, but also methodological recommendations for future authors of pedagogical tests.
The second part of the article describes a synthesis of modern experience in pedagogical test creation, types of pedagogical tests, the main stages of their creation, criteria of development and requirements to the composition of tasks. The criteria and requirements to pedagogical test tasks reflect the fundamentally important points to which attention should be paid. The described materials are not only a historical reference, but also methodological recommendations for future authors of pedagogical tests.

Abstract: The subject of the study is comorbid disorders of children with mental retardation. The object of the study is the frequency of comorbid disorders of the children with mental retardation.
Using a retrospective analysis of medical records, the authors examine in detail the neuropsychiatric manifestations and behavioral stereotypes that frequently occur in the study sample of children. These behavioral stereotypes or comorbid disorders were noted by parents or health care professionals who interacted with the children. The total sample included 1,000 preschool and young children (from 1.5 to 7 years old) with various neuropsychiatric speech diagnoses - delayed speech development, autism spectrum disorders, delayed psycho speech development, and other unspecified speech diagnoses. The main finding of this study is that a list of the most common comorbid disorders was compiled. Using this list of the most common behavioral disorders, it is possible to make a screening assessment of mental development and identify the degree of its delay on the basis of the formed behavioral and speech patterns. This will help specialists (psychologists, speech therapists, defectologists and neuropsychologists) working with children to provide them with the necessary assistance in a timely manner.
The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that previously no comprehensive list of the most common behavioral disorders of the children with mental retardation was compiled. This list made it possible to differentiate the primary diagnosed child into one or another group according to the belonging to the diagnosis, with subsequent more thorough verification of the diagnosis.

Abstract: The subject of the research is the peculiarities of developing the cycling time and space perception as well as associated processes. Bochkina describes key challenges that may arise in the process of developoing cycling time and space perception. In the course of the research Bochkina has created a program that extends children's idea of the cycling of time-and-space processes. She also analyzes peculiarities of the time-and-space perception of over-fives as these are described in psychological and teaching literature. The researcher describes gender differences in the perception of the cycling of time and space. The methodological basis of the research is Lev Vekker's uniform theory of psychical processes and Serge Moscovici's theory of social time and its influence on the personality development. The research methods used by the author to analyze over-fives' perceptions of time and space are 'Banks' and 'Magic Ribbons' created by the author herself. The research results prove that an over-five is capable of acquiring a skill of perceiving time and space features as well as finding the cyclic action that transforms an object. For this purpose, a child marks out a cyclic action and carries out a full analysis of a situation from the very beginning and through the changes.